{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:13:25Z","timestamp":1789557205649,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42177363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42377387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["42177363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177363"]}]},{"name":"Key Project for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["42377387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377387"]}]},{"name":"Key Project for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0071"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are active ingredients in hundreds of disinfectants for controlling the epidemic of infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), and are also widely used in shale gas exploitation. The occurrence of QAC-resistant bacteria in the environment could enlarge the risk of sterilization failure, which is not fully understood. In this study, QAC-resistant bacteria were enumerated and characterized in 25 soils collected from shale gas exploitation areas. Total counts of QAC-resistant bacteria ranged from 6.81 \u00d7 103 to 4.48 \u00d7 105 cfu\/g, accounting for 1.59% to 29.13% of the total bacteria. In total, 29 strains were further purified and identified as Lysinibacillus, Bacillus, and Klebsiella genus. There, bacteria covering many pathogenic bacteria showed different QACs tolerance with MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) varying from 4 mg\/L to 64 mg\/L and almost 58.6% of isolates have not previously been found to tolerate QACs. Meanwhile, the QAC-resistant strains in the produced water of shale gas were also identified. Phylogenetic trees showed that the resistant species in soil and produced water are distinctly different. That is the first time the distribution and characterization of QAC-resistant bacteria in the soil environment has been analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1724325281000},"page":"1742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Distribution and Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Biocides Resistant Bacteria in Different Soils, in South-Western China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region\u2019s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunli","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region\u2019s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region\u2019s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.007","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): A review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment","volume":"518\u2013519","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. 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