{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:09:23Z","timestamp":1771855763844,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health \u201cFondi Ricerca Corrente\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract: People living with HIV (PLWH) may present atypical neurological complications. Recently, autoimmune manifestations of the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. We retrospectively described the features of PLWH presenting with acute neurological symptoms with positive anti-CNS antibodies. We analyzed relevant CSF characteristics. Twelve patients were identified, with demyelinating, inflammatory, or no MRI lesions. We observed CSF inflammatory features. Aspecific CSF anti-CNS antibodies were found in all subjects and a specific antibody (second-level blotting panel) was found in one. The cases presented a slow resolution of symptoms with sequelae. More studies are needed to better describe the spectrum and prognosis of autoimmune CNS diseases in PLWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T01:48:49Z","timestamp":1724636929000},"page":"1758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Central Nervous System Disorders with Auto-Antibodies in People Living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8012-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Stroffolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don Angelo Sempreboni 5, Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Atzori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Citt\u00e0 di Torino, Via Luigi Cibrario, 72, 10144 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Imperiale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Citt\u00e0 di Torino, Via Luigi Cibrario, 72, 10144 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8663-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Trunfio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2534-8815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Calcagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577649","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid immune markers and HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments: A systematic review","volume":"358","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001950","article-title":"Persistent central nervous system immune activation following more than 10 years of effective HIV antiretroviral treatment","volume":"32","author":"Ulfhammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.10.008","article-title":"Neuronal surface antibodies in HIV-infected patients with isolated psychosis","volume":"301","author":"Cunill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.05.003","article-title":"An anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis mimicking an HIV encephalitis","volume":"193","author":"Haneche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09693-3","article-title":"Possible N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody-mediated encephalitis in the setting of HIV cerebrospinal fluid escape","volume":"267","author":"Moloney","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_225_20","article-title":"Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor Encephalitis as a Harbinger of Pediatric HIV Infection","volume":"16","author":"Atchayaram","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"112","article-title":"CD8 + T-lymphocyte Encephalitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Santana","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e246290","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-246290","article-title":"CD8 encephalitis presenting as autoimmune encephalitis in HIV-1 infection","volume":"15","author":"Wood","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307932","article-title":"HIV and lower risk of multiple sclerosis: Beginning to unravel a mystery using a record-linked database study","volume":"86","author":"Gold","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6230","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006230","article-title":"Nonorgan-specific autoantibodies in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era","volume":"96","author":"Iordache","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3555-7","article-title":"Kaleidoscope of autoimmune diseases in HIV infection","volume":"36","author":"Roszkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283210006","article-title":"Autoimmunity and HIV","volume":"22","author":"Stratton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"54","article-title":"T regulatory cells and HIV infection","volume":"9","author":"Sempere","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_185_19","article-title":"A Case of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome Expressing Dual Antineuronal Antibodies: Anti-Hu and Recoverin","volume":"23","author":"Ryu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000825","article-title":"Biotypes of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders based on viral and immune pathogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113749.77217.01","article-title":"Antibodies to Zic4 in paraneoplastic neurologic disorders and small-cell lung cancer","volume":"62","author":"Bataller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30244-8","article-title":"Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: A prospective observational study and retrospective analysis","volume":"17","author":"Armangue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23081","article-title":"Fate of microglia during HIV-1 infection: From activation to senescence?","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000243","article-title":"Immune activation in the central nervous system throughout the course of HIV infection","volume":"11","author":"Spudich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002266","article-title":"Symptomatic cerebrospinal fluid escape","volume":"33","author":"Mastrangelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0509-5","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities correlate to cognition and fiber tract integrity in older adults with HIV","volume":"23","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04215.x","article-title":"Do endogenous retroviruses have etiological implications in inflammatory and degenerative nervous system diseases?","volume":"88","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9644-7","article-title":"HIV-1 gp120Bal down-Regulates Phosphorylated NMDA Receptor Subunit 1 in Cortical Neurons via Activation of Glutamate and Chemokine Receptors","volume":"11","author":"Ru","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002442","article-title":"Presence of Epstein\u2013Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid is associated with greater HIV RNA and inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Lupia","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001190","article-title":"The spectrum of acute encephalitis: Causes, management, and predictors of outcome","volume":"84","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1038","article-title":"The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project","volume":"54","author":"Gable","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.12.014","article-title":"Encephalitis diagnosis using metagenomics: Application of next generation sequencing for undiagnosed cases","volume":"76","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124714","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124714","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cell therapy for progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Pender","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325300","article-title":"Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance Clinicians Network. Autoimmune encephalitis: Proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management","volume":"92","author":"Abboud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/9\/1758\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:41Z","timestamp":1760110961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/9\/1758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12091758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12091758","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]}}}