{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:56:23Z","timestamp":1769507783916,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bay Area Lyme Foundation"},{"name":"University of New Haven, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease, has been shown to form antimicrobial-tolerant biofilms, which protect it from unfavorable conditions. Bacterial biofilms are known to significantly contribute to severe inflammation, such as carditis, a common manifestation of Lyme disease. However, the role of B. burgdorferi biofilms in the development of Lyme carditis has not been thoroughly investigated due to the absence of an appropriate model system. In this study, we examined heart tissues from mice infected with B. burgdorferi for the presence of biofilms and inflammatory markers using immunohistochemistry (IHC), combined fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH\/IHC, 3D microscopy, and atomic force microscopy techniques. Our results reveal that B. burgdorferi spirochetes form aggregates with a known biofilm marker (alginate) in mouse heart tissues. Furthermore, these biofilms induce inflammation, as indicated by elevated levels of murine C-reactive protein near the biofilms. This research provides evidence that B. burgdorferi can form biofilms in mouse heart tissue and trigger inflammatory processes, suggesting that the mouse model is a valuable tool for future studies on B. burgdorferi biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T03:14:31Z","timestamp":1724642071000},"page":"1766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evidence for the Presence of Borrelia burgdorferi Biofilm in Infected Mouse Heart Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sahaja","family":"Thippani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyme Disease Research Group, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niraj 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USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Venkata V.","family":"Kavitapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyme Disease Research Group, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daina","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 3510 Thomas Hall, 112 Derieux Pl, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 3510 Thomas Hall, 112 Derieux Pl, Raleigh, NC 27607, 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