{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:35:23Z","timestamp":1789702523495,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRI\u2014National Project IRESA\/INSTM \u201cD\u00e9veloppement de Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s Biologiques Innovants en Alternative \u00e0 l\u2019Antibioth\u00e9rapie\u201d (PROBIA2)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to their richness in organic substances and nutrients, seaweed (macroalgae) harbor a large number of epiphytic bacteria on their surfaces. These bacteria interact with their host in multiple complex ways, in particular, by producing chemical compounds. The released metabolites may have biological properties beneficial for applications in both industry and medicine. In this study, we assess the diversity of culturable bacterial community of the invasive alga Codium fragile ssp. fragile with the aim to identify key groups within this epiphytic community. Seaweed samples were collected from the Northern Tunisian coast. A total of fifty bacteria were isolated in pure culture. These bacterial strains were identified by amplification of the ribosomal intergenic transcribed spacer between the 16S and the 23S rRNA genes (ITS-PCR) and by 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial activity, biochemical, and antibiotic resistance profile characterization were determined for the isolates. Isolated strains were tested for their antimicrobial potential against human and fish bacterial pathogens and the yeast Candida albicans, using the in vitro drop method. About 37% of isolated strains possess antibacterial activity with a variable antimicrobial spectrum. Ba1 (closely related to Pseudoalteromonas spiralis), Ba12 (closely related to Enterococcus faecium), and Bw4 (closely related to Pseudoalteromonas sp.) exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli. The isolated strain Ba4, closely related to Serratia marcescens, demonstrated the most potent activity against pathogens. The susceptibility of these strains to 12 commonly used antibiotics was investigated. Majority of the isolates were resistant to oxacillin, cefoxitin, tobramycin, and nitrofurantoin. Ba7 and Ba10, closely related to the Vibrio anguillarum strains, had the highest multidrug resistance profiles. The enzymes most commonly produced by the isolated strains were amylase, lecithinase, and agarase. Moreover, nine isolates produced disintegration zones around their colonies on agar plates with agarolitic index, ranging from 0.60 to 2.38. This investigation highlighted that Codium fragile ssp. fragile possesses an important diversity of epiphytic bacteria on its surface that could be cultivated in high biomass and may be considered for biotechnological application and as sources of antimicrobial drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T03:45:21Z","timestamp":1725248721000},"page":"1803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epibiotic Bacteria Isolated from the Non-Indigenous Species Codium fragile ssp. fragile: Identification, Characterization, and Biotechnological Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wafa","family":"Cherif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), University of Carthage, Tunis 2025, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0515-4135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Ktari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), University of Carthage, Tunis 2025, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6657-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilel","family":"Hassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), University of Carthage, Tunis 2025, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), University of Carthage, Tunis 2025, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monia","family":"El Bour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), University of Carthage, Tunis 2025, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08607","article-title":"Chemical interactions between marine macroalgae and bacteria","volume":"409","author":"Goecke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zozaya-Vald\u00e9s, E., Roth-Schulze, A.J., and Thomas, T. (2016). Effects of temperature stress and aquarium conditions on the red macroalga Delisea pulchra and its associated microbial community. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00161"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan, R., Kannappan, A., Shi, C., and Lin, X. (2021). Marine Bacterial Secondary Metabolites: A Treasure House for Structurally Unique and Effective Antimicrobial Compounds. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19100530"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karthick, P., and Mohanraju, R. (2018). Antimicrobial Potential of Epiphytic Bacteria Associated with Seaweeds of Little Andaman, India. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00611"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menaa, F., Wijesinghe, P.A.U.I., Thiripuranatha, G., Uzair, B., Iqbal, H., Ali Khan, B., and Menaa, B. (2020). Ecological and Industrial Implications of Dynamic Seaweed-Associated Microbiota Interactions Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18120641"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5557-2","article-title":"Microorganisms living on macroalgae: Diversity, interactions, and biotechnological applications","volume":"98","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, X., Wu, C., Zhao, J., Yan, T., and Jiang, P. (2019). Community structure of bacteria associated with drifting Sargassumhorneri, the causative species of golden tide in the Yellow Sea. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01192"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2216\/12-24.1","article-title":"Algae as an important environment for bacteria\u2014Phylogenetic relationships among new bacterial species isolated from algae","volume":"52","author":"Goecke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012756913566","article-title":"The symbiotic role of marine microbes on living surfaces","volume":"461","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652002000100012","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms","volume":"74","author":"Kelecom","year":"2002","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/0892701031000061778","article-title":"The development of a marine natural product-based antifouling paint","volume":"19","author":"Burgess","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1454-x","article-title":"Heterotrophic bacteria associated with the green alga Ulva rigida: Identification and antimicrobial potential","volume":"30","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zang, Y., Yang, Z., Qu, T., Sun, T., Liang, S., Zhu, M., Wang, Y., and Tang, X. (2022). Composition and Functional Diversity of Epiphytic Bacterial and Fungal Communities on Marine Macrophytes in an Intertidal Zone. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.839465"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2001)071[0219:HPCIMS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Host-plant changes of marine specialist herbivores: Ascoglossan sea slugs on the introduced macroalgae","volume":"71","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"103","article-title":"Sur la pr\u00e9sence de Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot (Codiaceae, Ulvophyceae) en Tunisie","volume":"39","author":"Djellouli","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Linn\u00e9enne Provence"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.1366","article-title":"Review of alien marine macrophytes in Tunisia","volume":"17","author":"Sghaier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4490\/algae.2016.31.4.17","article-title":"Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot in Tunisia: Morphological data and status of knowledge","volume":"31","author":"Cherif","year":"2016","journal-title":"ALGAE"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15004","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8184","article-title":"Impacts of environmental stress on resistance and resilience of algal-associated bacterial communities","volume":"11","author":"Morrissey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400008821","article-title":"The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain","volume":"34","author":"Silva","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ecology of the green macroalga Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: Invasive and noninvasive subspecies","volume":"36","author":"Trowbridge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1515\/BOT.2002.050","article-title":"Morphological variation of Codium fragile (Chlorophyta) in eastern Canada","volume":"45","author":"Hubbard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bot. Mar."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02010487","article-title":"Antibiotic activity of epiphytic bacteria isolated from intertidal seaweeds","volume":"11","author":"Lemos","year":"1985","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.22.6900-6906.1994","article-title":"Substratum induced morphological changes in a marine bacterium and their relevance to bioflm structure","volume":"176","author":"Dalton","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassen, W., Neifar, M., Cherif, H., Mahjoubi, M., Souissi, Y., Raddadi, N., Fava, F., and Cherif, A. (2018). Assessment of genetic diversity and bioremediation potential of Pseudomonas isolated from pesticide-contaminated artichoke farm soils. Biotech, 8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1256-5"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Soussy, C.J. (2008). Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170.1983","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods","volume":"46","author":"Krumperman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02545855","article-title":"A simple method for the detection of lipolytic activity of microorganisms and some observations on the influence of the contact between cells and fatty substrates","volume":"23","author":"Sierra","year":"1957","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiber, L., Kjeldsen, K.U., Funch, P., Jensen, J., Obst, M., L\u00f3pezLegentil, S., and Schramm, A. (2016). Endozoicomonas are specifc, facultative symbionts of sea squirts. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01042"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Garrity, P., Jones, G., Krieg, D., Ludwig, N.R., Rainey, W.F.A., Schleifer, K.H., and Whitman, W. (2009). Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"33","article-title":"Optimization, production and partial purifcation of extracellular \u03b1amylase from Bacillus sp. marini","volume":"3","author":"Krishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"243","article-title":"Assessment of different screening methods for selecting biosurfactant producing marine bacteria","volume":"37","author":"Satpute","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.76.6.662-665.1958","article-title":"Detection of bacterial gelatinases by gelatin-agar plate methods","volume":"76","author":"Smith","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421683","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/421683","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of chitosan-producing bacteria from beaches of Chennai, India","volume":"2012","author":"Kaur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Enzym. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"72141","article-title":"Production of sugars from cellulosic wastes by enzymatic hydrolysis","volume":"10","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandasamy, K.P., Subramanian, R.K., Srinivasan, R., Ragunath, S.G., Balaji, G., Gracy, M., and Latha, K. (2020). Shewanellaalgae and Microbulbiferelongatus from marine macro-algae\u2014Isolation and characterization of agarhydrolysing bacteria. Access Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000170"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1128\/am.30.6.1040-1042.1975","article-title":"Microbiol inhibition by an isolate of Pediococcus from cucumber brines","volume":"30","author":"Fleming","year":"1975","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, A., Ktari, L., Ahmed, M., Bolhuis, H., Boudabbous, A., and Stal, L.J. (2016). Antimicrobial activities of bacteria associated with the brown alga Padina pavonica. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01072"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"152","article-title":"Taxonomic parameters revisited: Tarnished gold standards","volume":"33","author":"Stackebrandt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol. Today"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florez, J.Z., Camus, C., Hengst, M.B., and Buschmann, A.H. (2017). A functional perspective analysis of macroalgae and epiphytic bacterial community interaction. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02561"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"4384","article-title":"Molecular characterization of epiphytic bacterial communities on Charophycean green algae applied and environmental","volume":"64","author":"Fisher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Pennec, G., and Gall, E.A. (2019). The microbiome of Codium tomentosum: Original state and in the presence of copper. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2740-8"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1975.20.5.0815","article-title":"Nitrogen fixation associated with the marine macroalga Codium fragile","volume":"20","author":"Head","year":"1975","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386654","article-title":"Nitrogenfxation by blue-green algae associated with siphonous green seaweed Codium decorticatum: Effects on ammonium uptake","volume":"61","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12297","article-title":"Seaweed-microbial interactions: Key functions of seaweed-associated bacteria","volume":"88","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"231","article-title":"Antibiotics in the environment: Causes and consequences","volume":"93","author":"Polianciuc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.465","article-title":"Identification and risk assessment of human and veterinary antibiotics in the wastewater treatment plants and the adjacent sea in Tunisia","volume":"76","author":"Tahrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06866-5","article-title":"Occurrence of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds in hospital and urban wastewaters and their contribution to Mahdia coastal seawater contamination","volume":"27","author":"Afsa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1573","article-title":"Coastal Surveillance and Water Quality monitoring in the Rejiche Sea-Tunisia","volume":"93","author":"Alibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jebara, A., Hassen, W., Ousleti, A., Mabrouk, L., Jaziri, A., Di Bella, G., and Ben Mansour, H. (2022). Multidrug-resistant epi-endophytic bacterial community in Posidonia oceanica of Mahdia coast as biomonitoring factor for antibiotic contamination. Arch Microbiol., 204.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-02842-9"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822010000400004","article-title":"Application of microbial \u03b1-amylase in industry\u2014A review","volume":"41","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00114-2","article-title":"Inactivation of Mucorplumbeus by the combined actions of chitinase and high hydrostatic pressure","volume":"52","author":"Fenice","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1515\/BOT.2010.026","article-title":"Optimization of alkaline cellulase production by the marine-derived fungus Chaetomium sp. using agricultural and industrial wastes as substrates","volume":"53","author":"Raveendran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bot. Mar."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(92)90283-Q","article-title":"Agar-digesting bacteria associated with \u2018rotten thallus syndrome\u2019 of Gracilaria sp","volume":"102","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26513-0","article-title":"Investigation of the role of a beta (1\u20134) agarase produced by Pseudoalteromonas gracilis B9 in eliciting disease symptoms in the red alga Gracilaria gracilis","volume":"149","author":"Schroeder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"36","article-title":"Characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 50 thermostable \u03b2-agaraseAgrA from marine bacteria Agarivorans sp. AG17","volume":"13","author":"Nikapitiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-5-31","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of agaro-oligosaccharides in vitro and in vivo","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118076","article-title":"Agar oligosaccharides: A review of preparation, structures, bioactivities and application","volume":"265","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JAPH.0000047944.40463.e6","article-title":"Anti-oxidation of agar oligosaccharides produced by agarase from a marine bacterium","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.61.162","article-title":"Neoagarobiose as a novel moisturizer with whitening effect","volume":"61","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02185902","article-title":"Protoplast production from Porphyralinearis using a simplified agarase procedure capable of commercial application","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-005-7291-8","article-title":"Production and seeding of protoplasts of Porphyraokhaensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) in laboratory culture","volume":"17","author":"Dipakkore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(89)90019-X","article-title":"Isolation of large DNA fragments from agarose gels using agarase","volume":"5","author":"Burmeistera","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trend Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"19345","article-title":"Isolation, Characterization and Purification of an Extracellular Enzyme Agarase from Agarolytic bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Aanshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"437","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of an Agarase Producing Bacteria from Marine Sediment","volume":"9","author":"Rajeswari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. ChemTech Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/md8010200","article-title":"Agarase: Review of major sources, categories, purification method, enzyme characteristics and applications","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"25","article-title":"The discoveery of agarolytic bacterium with agrarse gene containing plasmid, and some enzymology characteristics","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.019810-0","article-title":"Agarivorans gilvus sp. nov. isolated from seaweed","volume":"61","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epiphytic bacteria of macroalgae of the Genus Ulva and their potential in producing enzymes having biotechnological interest","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1998.5423","article-title":"An improved approach for construction of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries","volume":"52","author":"Osoegawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Kong, J.Y. (2001). Production and functional properties of agaro-oligosaccharides. Proceedings of Symposium on Scientific Study and Industrialization of Health Food, Health Food Society of Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/08927019909378414","article-title":"Antibacterial and repellent activities of marine bacteria associated with algal surfaces","volume":"14","author":"Boyd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-013-2440-2","article-title":"Influence of culture conditions and medium composition on the production of antibacterial compounds by marine Serratia sp. WPRA3","volume":"51","author":"Jafarzade","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arivuselvam, R., Dera, A.A., Parween Ali, S., Alraey, Y., Saif, A., Hani, U., Arumugam Ramakrishnan, S., Azeeze, M.S.T.A., Rajeshkumar, R., and Susil, A. (2023). Isolation, Identification, and Antibacterial Properties of Prodigiosin, a Bioactive Product Produced by a New Serratiamarcescens JSSCPM1 Strain: Exploring the Biosynthetic Gene Clusters of Serratia Species for Biological Applications. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091466"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201800087","article-title":"Antimicrobial-producing Pseudoalteromonas from the marine environment of Panama shows a high phylogenetic diversity and clonal structure","volume":"58","author":"Atencio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.4.2373-2382.2004","article-title":"Real-Time Quantitative PCR for assessment of abundance of Pseudoalteromonas Species in marine samples","volume":"70","author":"Skovhus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00656.x","article-title":"Marine Pseudoalteromonas species are associated with higher organisms and producebiologically active extracellular agents","volume":"30","author":"Kjelleberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.480-488.2003","article-title":"MC21-A, a bactericidal antibiotic produced by a new marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas phenolicasp. nov. O-BC30(T), against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"47","author":"Isnansetyo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanchi, H., Mottawea, W., Sebei, K., and Hammami, R. (2018). The Genus Enterococcus: Between Probiotic Potential and Safety Concerns-An Update. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01791"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"916845","article-title":"Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hmani, I., Ktari, L., Ismail, A., and EL Bour, M. (2023). Biotechnological potential of Ulva ohnoi epiphytic bacteria: Enzyme production and antimicrobial activities. Front. Mar. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1042527"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/9\/1803\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:46:04Z","timestamp":1760111164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/9\/1803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12091803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12091803","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}