{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:30:43Z","timestamp":1788867043503,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Assistance Foundation of the state of Pernambuco"},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development"},{"name":"Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surfactants can be used as nanoparticle stabilizing agents. However, since synthetic surfactants are not economically viable and environmentally friendly, biosurfactants are emerging as a green alternative for the synthesis and stabilization of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have been applied in several areas of industry, such as the production of biomedical and therapeutic components, packaging coating, solar energy generation and transmission and distribution of electrical energy, among others. The aim of this study was to synthesize, in a simple and green way, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the biosurfactant produced by Candida lipolytica UCP 0899 as a stabilizer. AgNPs were examined and morphologically characterized using the techniques of ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy (UV\u2013visible), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Newly formed silver nanoparticles showed a maximum UV\u2013visible absorption peak at 400 nm, while a shift to 410 nm was observed in those stored for 120 days. SEM micrograph confirmed the formation of nanoparticles with an average size of 20 nm and with a predominant spherical structure, while a zeta potential of \u221260 mV suggested that the use of the biosurfactant promoted their stability. Stabilized nanoparticles were tested for their antimicrobial activity against bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp., as well as fungal isolates of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. At a concentration of 16.50 \u00b5g\/mL, AgNPs inhibited the growth of all target microorganisms according to the following decreasing order: E. coli (95%), S. aureus, C. albicans (90%), A. niger (85%), Enterobacter sp. (75%) and P. aeruginosa (71%). These results suggest the potential use of the biosurfactant as a stabilizer of silver nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent in different industrial sectors. Furthermore, the in vivo toxicity potential of biosurfactants was evaluated using the Tenebrio molitor model. The larvae were treated with concentrations in the range of 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g\/L, and no mortality was observed within the 24 to 72 h period, demonstrating non-toxicity within the tested concentration range. These findings support the safety, efficacy and non-toxicity of biosurfactant-stabilized nanoparticles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T05:02:28Z","timestamp":1725598948000},"page":"1849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized with Biosurfactant and Application as an Antimicrobial Agent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bruna G. A.","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Development of Environmental Processes, Catholic University of Pernambuco (UNICAP), Pr\u00edncipe Street, n. 526-Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Raianny","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manuel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irm\u00e3os, Recife 52171-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo M.","family":"Meira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Potira Street, n. 31-Prado, Recife 50070-280, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1470-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Italo J. B.","family":"Durval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Potira Street, n. 31-Prado, Recife 50070-280, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clovis","family":"Macedo Bezerra Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Catholic University of Pernambuco (UNICAP), Pr\u00edncipe Street, n. 526-Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thayse A. L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo 13083-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4746-0560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonie A.","family":"Sarubbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Potira Street, n. 31-Prado, Recife 50070-280, Brazil"},{"name":"Icam Tech School, Catholic University of Pernambuco (UNICAP), Pr\u00edncipe Street, n. 526-Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Moura","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Potira Street, n. 31-Prado, Recife 50070-280, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Catholic University of Pernambuco (UNICAP), Pr\u00edncipe Street, n. 526-Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2144-1","article-title":"Nanomaterials: Certain aspects of application, risk assessment and risk communication","volume":"92","author":"Laux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. 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