{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T23:02:36Z","timestamp":1791759756527,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32273018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273018"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LH2023C048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2023C048"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["1610302022006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610302022006"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32273018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273018"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LH2023C048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2023C048"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["1610302022006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610302022006"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["32273018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273018"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["LH2023C048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2023C048"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["1610302022006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610302022006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus\u00a0suis is an important bacterial pathogen that affects the global pig industry. The immunosuppressive nature of S. suis infection is recognized, and our previous research has confirmed thymus atrophy with a large number of necrotic cells. In this current work, we aimed to uncover the role of pyroptosis in cellular necrosis in thymic cells of S. suis-infected mice. Confocal microscopy revealed that S. suis activated the M1 phenotype and primed pyroptosis in the macrophages of atrophied thymus. Live cell imaging further confirmed that S. suis could induce porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) pyroptosis in vitro, displaying cell swelling and forming large bubbles on the plasma membrane. Meanwhile, the levels of p-p38, p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT) were increased, which indicated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT pathways were also involved in the inflammation of S. suis-infected PAMs. Furthermore, RT-PCR revealed significant mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 and chemokine CXCL8. The data indicated that the inflammation induced by S. suis was in parallel with pro-inflammatory activities of M1 macrophages, pyroptosis and MAPK and AKT pathways. Pyroptosis contributes to necrotic cells and thymocyte reduction in the atrophied thymus of mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T05:03:04Z","timestamp":1726117384000},"page":"1879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Streptococcus suis Induces Macrophage M1 Polarization and Pyroptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Siqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4131-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baojie","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunsheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4619-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongqing","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7020-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.12.023","article-title":"Genomic epidemiological investigation of a Streptococcus suis outbreak in Guangxi, China, 2016","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. 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