{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:27:13Z","timestamp":1790728033875,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Singapore Food Agency"},{"name":"National Environment Agency"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella remains a significant foodborne pathogen globally with S. Typhimurium presenting as a frequently occurring serovar. This study aimed to characterize 67 S. Typhimurium isolates from humans, food, farms, and slaughterhouses collected in Singapore from 2016 to 2017. Using whole-genome sequencing analysis, the isolates were found to belong to either ST19 (n = 33) or ST36 (n = 34). ST36 predominated in human intestinal and chicken isolates, while human extra-intestinal and non-chicken food isolates belonged to ST19. Plasmids were predicted in 88.1% (n = 59) of the isolates with the most common incompatibility group profiles being IncFIB(S), IncFII(S) and IncQ1. IncFIB(S) (adjusted p-value &lt; 0.05) and IncFII(S) (adjusted p-value &lt; 0.05) were significantly more prevalent in ST19 isolates, while Col156 (adjusted p-value &lt; 0.05) was more significantly found in ST36 isolates. ST36 isolates exhibited higher resistance to multiple antibiotic classes such as penicillins, phenicols, folate pathway inhibitors, aminoglycosides, \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Phylogenetics analysis suggested potential shared routes of transmission among human, chicken, farm and slaughterhouse environments. Taken together, this study offers a cross-sectional epidemiological insight into the genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial landscape of S. Typhimurium isolates in Singapore, informing strategies for future public health and food safety surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T11:51:46Z","timestamp":1726746706000},"page":"1912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sequence Types and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Typhimurium in the Food Chain in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yen Ching","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kar Hui","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3931-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Ching","family":"Khor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Favian Yue Xuan","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Qi","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li Kiang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swaine L.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5480-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai Kwan","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Animal & Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore 718827, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Maiwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Barkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tse Hsien","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9044-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne Sheot Harn","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4326-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyaw Thu","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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