{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:31Z","timestamp":1760146111835,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Actinomycosis of the kidney is extremely rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. This rare entity usually presents with common clinical manifestations and non-specific imaging findings, thus rendering its diagnosis extremely challenging. According to case reports published in the literature, fever was present in the majority of cases (56.25%). Several risk factors have been related to the development of renal actinomycosis, including a history of urogenital surgery, urolithiasis, or urogenital cancer. Initial diagnostic investigation consists of abdominal ultrasonography (15 patients, 46.88%) and abdominal computed tomography (23 patients, 48.15%). Regarding therapeutic approach, 5 patients (16.67%) received only antibiotic treatment, 5 patients (16.67%) underwent surgery, and 20 patients (66.67%) received both antibiotic and surgical treatment. Accurate diagnosis relies on the clinician\u2019s high index of suspicion and is ultimately confirmed through histological examination or cultures, obtained either preoperatively via biopsies or postoperatively after surgical removal of the infected kidney. To our knowledge, this is the first narrative review of the literature that collects knowledge concerning infection of UUT induced by dysbiosis of actinomycosis species. The aim of this narrative review was to systematically search the literature on primary renal actinomycosis, highlighting the diagnostic approach and treatment strategies for the management of this rare entity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T04:45:28Z","timestamp":1727066728000},"page":"1922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Renal Actinomycosis in Humans\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2267-8464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias","family":"Giannakodimos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5853-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afroditi","family":"Ziogou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, 185 37 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexios","family":"Giannakodimos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, 185 37 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Mitakidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of KAT, 145 61 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aris","family":"Kaltsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zisis","family":"Kratiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1688-005X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Chrisofos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Actinomycosis: Etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management","volume":"7","author":"Valour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. 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