{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:08:44Z","timestamp":1790431724641,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and Community Service Board, Universitas Airlangga"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium known to be associated with a significant risk of gastric cancer in addition to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and MALT lymphoma. Although only a small percentage of patients infected with H. pylori develop gastric cancer, Gastric cancer causes more than 750,000 deaths worldwide, with 90% of cases being caused by H. pylori. The eradication of this bacterium rests on multiple drug regimens as guided by various consensus. However, the efficacy of empirical therapy is decreasing due to antimicrobial resistance. In addition, biofilm formation complicates eradication. As the search for new antibiotics lags behind the bacterium\u2019s ability to mutate, studies have been directed toward finding new anti-H. pylori agents while also optimizing current drug functions. Targeting biofilm, repurposing outer membrane vesicles that were initially a virulence factor of the bacteria, phage therapy, probiotics, and the construction of nanoparticles might be able to complement or even be alternatives for H. pylori treatment. This review aims to present reports on various compounds, either new or combined with current antibiotics, and their pathways to counteract H. pylori resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12101986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T04:57:28Z","timestamp":1727672248000},"page":"1986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Opportunities for Helicobacter pylori Eradication beyond Conventional Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4439-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilia Metadea Aji","family":"Savitri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan"},{"name":"Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartika Afrida","family":"Fauzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research Centre for Preclinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16915, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7721-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricky Indra","family":"Alfaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan"},{"name":"Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafeza","family":"Aftab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari Fahrial","family":"Syam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masrul","family":"Lubis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshio","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan"},{"name":"Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Division of Genome-Wide Microbiology, Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases (RCGLID), Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine\u2014Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1415-6033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Miftahussurur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine\u2014Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01152-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01152-22","article-title":"Transcriptomic and Functional Approaches Unveil the Role of tmRNA in Zinc Acetate Mediated Levofloxacin Sensitivity in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"10","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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