{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:16:24Z","timestamp":1762254984791,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"City of Oklahoma City through the Federal Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act"},{"name":"Presbyterian Health Foundation"},{"name":"Tulsa County Health Department"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater surveillance was used to monitor community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. As new genetic variants emerged, the need for timely identification of these variants in wastewater became an important focus. In response to increased reports of Omicron transmission across the United States, the Oklahoma Wastewater Surveillance team utilized allele-specific RT-qPCR assays to detect and differentiate variants, such as Omicron, from other variants found in wastewater in Oklahoma. The PCR assays showed presence of the Omicron variant in Oklahoma on average two weeks before official reports, which was confirmed through genomic sequencing of selected wastewater samples. Through continued surveillance from November 2021 to January 2022, we also demonstrated the transition from prevalence of the Delta variant to prevalence of the Omicron variant in local communities. We further assessed how this transition correlated with certain demographic factors characterizing each community. Our results highlight RT-qPCR assays as a rapid, simple, and cost-effective method for monitoring the community spread of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in wastewater. Additionally, they demonstrate that specific demographic factors such as ethnic composition and household income can correlate with the timing of SARS-CoV-2 variant introduction and spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T03:57:52Z","timestamp":1727755072000},"page":"2001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-Time Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Oklahoma Wastewater through Allele-Specific RT-qPCR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8221-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Shelton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73071, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gargi N.","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilson J.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73071, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason R.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73071, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8377-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Caitlin","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73071, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin R.","family":"Jeffries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kara B.","family":"De Le\u1f79n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin Gaardbo","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm4915","article-title":"The Changing Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"375","author":"Koelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00573-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Spike Mutations and Immune Escape","volume":"19","author":"Harvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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