{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T11:53:07Z","timestamp":1771674787752,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021R1G1A1095859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1095859"]}]},{"name":"Bracco Imaging Korea","award":["2021R1G1A1095859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1095859"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meniere\u2019s disease (MD) is a chronic inner ear disorder characterized by tinnitus, ear fullness, episodic vertigo, and fluctuating hearing loss, which significantly impacts quality of life and poses management challenges. Recent evidence suggests that upper respiratory infections (URIs) may contribute to MD\u2019s onset. This study examines the potential link between URIs and MD using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (2002\u20132019). We analyzed 19,721 individuals with MD and 78,884 matched controls, adjusting for demographic factors and comorbidities using propensity score matching. Our results showed that individuals with a URI within one year prior to the index date exhibited a 2.01-fold greater likelihood of developing MD (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.91\u20132.11, p &lt; 0.001), while those with URIs within two years demonstrated a 1.54-fold higher probability (95% CI = 1.50\u20131.59, p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, we found that even remote URIs occurring up to two years before the index date significantly increased the risk of developing MD, underscoring the need for long-term patient follow-up. Overall, our study suggests that individuals with a history of URI may have an elevated risk of developing MD over multiple time frames, regardless of demographic or health profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T08:16:42Z","timestamp":1728548202000},"page":"2047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological Evidence for Upper Respiratory Infections as a Potential Risk Factor for Meniere\u2019s Disease: A Korean National Health Sample Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2441-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi Jung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho Suk","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joo-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woo Jin","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae Myoung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na-Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyeong Min","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyo Geun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suseo Seoul E.N.T. Clinic, 10, Bamgogae-ro 1-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06349, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7484-5896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"306","article-title":"Update on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of Meniere\u2019s disease","volume":"35","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000041","article-title":"Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Comorbid Conditions for M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001555","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001555","article-title":"Meniere\u2019s disease: A reappraisal supported by a variable latency of symptoms and the MRI visualisation of endolymphatic hydrops","volume":"3","author":"Pyykko","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198408000-00020","article-title":"Meniere\u2019s disease: A 30-year epidemiologic and clinical study in Rochester, Mn, 1951\u20131980","volume":"94","author":"Facer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(02)00028-2","article-title":"Meniere\u2019s disease: Overview, epidemiology, and natural history","volume":"35","author":"Piza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63437-5.00019-4","article-title":"Chapter 19\u2014Meni\u00e8re\u2019s disease","volume":"Volume 137","author":"Furman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480802112587","article-title":"Changes in the characteristics of definite Meniere\u2019s disease over time in Japan: A long-term survey by the Peripheral Vestibular Disorder Research Committee of Japan, formerly the Meniere\u2019s Disease Research Committee of Japan","volume":"129","author":"Shojaku","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000506921","article-title":"Epidemiology and Seasonal Variation of Meniere\u2019s Disease: Data from a Population-Based Study","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2021.00920","article-title":"Cytokines and Inflammation in Meniere Disease","volume":"15","author":"Frejo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.0331","article-title":"Association Between Meniere Disease and Migraine","volume":"148","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2013","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29324","article-title":"Expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin in Mouse Ear Tissue, and the Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"131","author":"Uranaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33626-w","article-title":"Inflammatory and infectious upper respiratory diseases associate with 41 genomic loci and type 2 inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Saarentaus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heikkinen, T., and Ruuskanen, O. (2006). Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-370879-6\/00416-6"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103725","article-title":"Characterization of otologic symptoms appearing after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"44","author":"Leong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2021.1913288","article-title":"Higher incidence of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease during COVID-19 pandemic: A preliminary report","volume":"141","author":"Lovato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000072254","article-title":"Detection of viral DNA in the endolymphatic sac in Meniere\u2019s disease by in situ hybridization","volume":"65","author":"Yazawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dean, N.J., Pastras, C., Brown, D., and Camp, A. (2019). Are viral-infections associated with Meniere\u2019s Disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis of molecular-markers of viral-infection in case-controlled observational studies of MD. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226643"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e15","article-title":"Cohort profile: The national health insurance service\u2013national sample cohort (NHIS-NSC), South Korea","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2022.11.2.103","article-title":"Understanding and utilizing claim data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and Health Insurance Review & Assessment (HIRA) database for research","volume":"11","author":"Kyoung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lipid Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, H.S., Kim, J.H., Kim, J.H., Bang, W.J., Choi, H.G., Kim, N.Y., Park, H.Y., and Kwon, M.J. (2024). Unlocking the Protective Potential of Upper Respiratory Infection Treatment Histories against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Korean Adult Population Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010260"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, M.J., Byun, S.H., Kim, J.H., Kim, J.H., Kim, S.H., Kim, N.Y., Park, H.R., and Choi, H.G. (2022). Longitudinal follow-up study of the association between statin use and chronic periodontitis using national health screening cohort of Korean population. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09540-y"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","article-title":"Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries","volume":"173","author":"Quan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3697","article-title":"Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples","volume":"28","author":"Austin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.Y., Kuo, P.H., and Wu, S.Y. (2021). Association of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Case-Crossover, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010745"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163S","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320980186","article-title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Follow-Ups for Vertigo\/Dizziness Outpatients","volume":"100","author":"Ueda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584798","article-title":"Parainfluenza Virus Infection","volume":"37","author":"Branche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1086\/650486","article-title":"The diagnosis of viral respiratory disease in older adults","volume":"50","author":"Talbot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw603","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Infection and Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Nationwide Case-Crossover Study","volume":"215","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"75","article-title":"Brain and inner-ear fluid homeostasis, cochleovestibular-type tinnitus, and secondary endolymphatic hydrops","volume":"12","author":"Shulman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215111000053","article-title":"Intratympanic gentamicin in Meniere\u2019s disease: Our experience","volume":"125","author":"Delgado","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25207","article-title":"Genetic aspects and clinical characteristics of familial Meniere\u2019s disease in a South Korean population","volume":"125","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480701762458","article-title":"Intratympanic gentamicin therapy for control of vertigo in unilateral Menire\u2019s disease: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"128","author":"Postema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frejo, L., Requena, T., Okawa, S., Gallego-Martinez, A., Martinez-Bueno, M., Aran, I., Batuecas-Caletrio, A., Benitez-Rosario, J., Espinosa-Sanchez, J.M., and Fraile-Rodrigo, J.J. (2017). Regulation of Fn14 Receptor and NF-kappaB Underlies Inflammation in Meniere\u2019s Disease. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01739"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s42444-019-0005-0","article-title":"Validation of diagnostic codes of major clinical outcomes in a National Health Insurance database","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Arrhythmia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2015.01.009","article-title":"Meniere\u2019s disease: Importance of socioeconomic and environmental factors","volume":"36","author":"Simo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/10\/2047\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:10:37Z","timestamp":1760112637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/10\/2047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12102047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12102047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]}}}