{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:43:26Z","timestamp":1787312606985,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Current Research funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Current Research funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is generally treated with vancomycin, metronidazole or fidaxomicin, although fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents a promising therapeutic option for antibiotic-resistant recurrent C. difficile infections (rCDIs) in adults. In pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, CDIs are generally asymptomatic and respond to treatment. Here, we present the case of an 8-year-old female, initially diagnosed as \u201cCFTR-related metabolic syndrome\/cystic fibrosis screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis\u201d (CMRS\/CFSPID), who then progressed to CF at 12 months. In the absence of CF-related symptoms, she presented multiple and disabling episodes of bloody diarrhoea with positive tests for C. difficile antigen and A\/B toxin. After conventional treatments failed and several CDI relapses, FMT was proposed. Donor screening and GM donor\u2013receiver matching identified her mother as a donor. Metataxonomy and targeted metabolomics provided, through a pre- and post-FMT time course, gut microbiota (GM) profiling to assess GM engraftment. At first, the GM map revealed severe dysbiosis, with a prevalence of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria (i.e., Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli), a reduction in Firmicutes, a GM nearly entirely composed of Enterococcaceae (i.e., Enterococcus) and an almost complete depletion of Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria, mostly represented by Veillonella dispar. Post FMT, an increment in Bifidobacterium spp. and Collinsella spp. with a decrease in V. dispar restored intestinal eubiosis. Consistently, four weeks after FMT treatment, the child\u2019s gut symptoms cleared, without CDI recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T05:47:58Z","timestamp":1728884878000},"page":"2059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infections in a Cystic Fibrosis Child Previously Screen Positive, Inconclusive Diagnosis (CFSPID): A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Marsiglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Research Microbiome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8936-895X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Pane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiomics, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4204-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Del Chierico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Research Microbiome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiomics, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Vernocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Research Microbiome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4195-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenza","family":"Romani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2912-3154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Cardile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Diamanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7912-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Tamborino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1106-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Terlizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Medicine, Meyer Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, Cystic Fibrosis Regional Reference Center, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Angelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenza","family":"Putignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiomics and Unit of Research of Microbiome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-016-2719-5","article-title":"Beyond Pancreatic Insufficiency and Liver Disease in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"175","author":"Demeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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