{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:17:03Z","timestamp":1788272223107,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Oral candidiasis has been documented in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, with varying prevalence rates across geographic regions and patient demographics. This study aimed to ascertain the incidence, characteristics, and risk factors associated with the development of oral candidiasis in patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a tertiary infectious diseases hospital in Romania. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on adult patients hospitalized between March 2020 and December 2022 with moderate or severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, for whom a culture of lingual scrapings for Candida spp. was performed. Results: A total of 294 patients were deemed eligible for inclusion in the analysis, with an incidence rate of oral candidiasis of 17.0%. The incidence of oral candidiasis was 4.2 times higher in patients with severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to those with moderate forms. Patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 and oral candidiasis were more likely to receive antibiotics (98.0% vs. 86.1%, p = 0.017) and corticosteroids (100% vs. 83.6%, p = 0.003) than those without oral candidiasis. These findings were associated with a 19% higher relative risk of developing oral candidiasis for patients who received corticosteroid therapy compared to those who did not, and a 13% higher relative risk for those who were administered antibiotics compared to those who were not. The presence of respiratory insufficiency increased the odds of oral candidiasis association 4.7-fold (88.0% vs. 61.1%, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Although the data have been analyzed retrospectively, we have shown that individuals with severe forms of COVID-19 exhibited an elevated risk of developing oral candidiasis. The administration of antibiotics and corticosteroids was identified as a positive predictor for the development of oral candidiasis. The data presented here suggest that a key aspect of the therapeutic management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection should include the implementation of preventive measures to minimize the risk of secondary fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T06:35:00Z","timestamp":1729492500000},"page":"2090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Incidence and Characteristics of Oral Candidiasis in Patients Hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 Infection During the Circulation of Alpha, Beta, and Delta Variants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elena Camelia","family":"Kouris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases \u201dProf. Dr. Matei Bal\u0219\u201d, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00eenziana Irina","family":"Mirea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases \u201dProf. Dr. Matei Bal\u0219\u201d, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica Lumini\u021ba","family":"Luminos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases \u201dProf. Dr. Matei Bal\u0219\u201d, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2318-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Daniel","family":"Miron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases \u201dProf. Dr. Matei Bal\u0219\u201d, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2021.1283","article-title":"COVID-19: The Pseudo-Environment and the Need for a Paradigm Change","volume":"11","author":"Stein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2020.1208","article-title":"COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: Fears, facts and preventive measures","volume":"10","author":"Ayenigbara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preda, M., Dinu, R.S., Prasacu, I., and Manolescu, L.S.C. 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