{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T15:01:04Z","timestamp":1789225264598,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assessed the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and risk factors among 428 pregnant women attending Basic Health Units (BHUs) in Ara\u00e7atuba, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The seroprevalence was 55.14%, indicating high exposure to the parasite in this population. Using a multi-level logistic regression model, this study analyzed these predictors to determine their association with a higher seropositivity rate, with BHUs included as a random factor. Predictors associated with higher seropositivity included older age (36\u201345 years), with a 71.64% prevalence in this group, and multiparity (61.65%). Women with lower educational levels were also more likely to be infected, with 59.46% seropositivity recorded among those who had only completed elementary school. Despite identifying several risk factors, no significant correlation was found between undercooked meat consumption or contact with soil and infection. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions, particularly for educating high-risk groups about toxoplasmosis prevention, such as safe food handling and avoiding raw dairy products. Additionally, BHUs play a critical role in early detection and prevention. These units are important for providing healthcare access and preventive education for vulnerable populations. Given the high seroprevalence, this study underscores the urgency of implementing prenatal screening and educational programs to reduce the risks of congenital toxoplasmosis in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T12:25:39Z","timestamp":1730291139000},"page":"2183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Women in Ara\u00e7atuba, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: A Multi-Level Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tatiani da Silva Palhota","family":"Lozano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Benitez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joice Cristina dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Italmar Teodorico","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5444-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter Bertequini","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6146-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel dos Santos","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2466-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jancarlo Ferreira","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Instituto de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele Zaine Teixeira","family":"Debortoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias (ICA), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Avenida Universit\u00e1ria, Una\u00ed 38610-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tha\u00eds Rabelo","family":"Santos-Doni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias (ICA), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Avenida Universit\u00e1ria, Una\u00ed 38610-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia Denise Saraiva","family":"Bresciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2024.110173","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the validation of serological methods for detecting anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in humans and animals","volume":"328","author":"Ceron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. 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