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While antimicrobials are commonly used to treat diseases in aquaculture, reports of antimicrobial resistance in fish isolates are increasing. However, little is known about the susceptibility patterns of Lactococcus spp. strains isolated from native fish species in Brazil. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of these strains and establish a provisional epidemiological cutoff value for L. garvieae using the normalized resistance interpretation approach. A total of 47 isolates were tested: 17 L. garvieae, 24 L. petauri, and 6 L. formosensis. The isolates were classified as wild-type (WT) or non-wild-type (NWT) based on inhibition zone diameters. Isolates classified as NWT for three or more antimicrobial classes were considered multidrug-resistant, and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated. The results revealed heterogeneity in antimicrobial resistance profiles, with higher resistance to trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin. Resistance to other antimicrobials, including florfenicol and oxytetracycline (approved for use in Brazil), varied according to the bacterial species. Lactococcus petauri (87.5%) and L. formosensis (66.7%) showed the highest multidrug resistance, compared to L. garvieae (11.7%), along with higher MAR index values. These findings suggest that multidrug-resistant strains could pose future challenges in the production of native species, underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and responsible use of antimicrobials in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T05:33:04Z","timestamp":1731648784000},"page":"2327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in Lactococcus spp. Isolated from Native Brazilian Fish Species: A Growing Challenge for Aquaculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2316-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Emanuely Costa do","family":"Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo Carlo Chaparro","family":"Barbanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2752-5631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena Caldeira","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais\u2014UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia Rafaela Monteiro da Silva","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia Miranda","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais\u2014UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Fagner Ferreira","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais\u2014UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Pilarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Aquaculture Center of Unesp, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Umeda","family":"Gallani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0001-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Augusto Gomes","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais\u2014UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique C\u00e9sar Pereira","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais\u2014UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2735-2562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Campos","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais\u2014UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13708","article-title":"NGS Analysis Revealed That Lactococcus garvieae Lg-Per Was Lactococcus petauri in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"45","author":"Altinok","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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