{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T19:46:17Z","timestamp":1782330377670,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SYNBIO TECH INC."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of different forms of multi-strain probiotics on weaning piglets are limitedly addressed. Thus, this study investigated the effects of live or inanimate multi-strain probiotics comprising Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, intestinal morphology, fecal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and intestinal gene expression of weaning piglets. A total of 160 weaning piglets (4 weeks old) were randomly allocated into four treatments (CON: basal diet; AB: basal diet with 110 ppm and 66 ppm colistin in the weaning and nursery phases, respectively; LP: basal diet with 2.0 \u00d7 109 CFU\/kg live probiotics; and IP: basal diet with 2.0 \u00d7 109 CFU\/kg inanimate probiotics). Piglets fed with LP had significantly lower FCR compared to those of the CON and IP groups in week 4 to week 8 (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the LP group had significantly higher villus height (VH) compared with AB at week 6, lower crypt depth (CD) compared with IP, and higher VH\/CD ratio compared to other treatments at week 10 (p &lt; 0.05), which indicate healthier intestinal morphology. Probiotic treatments (LP and IP) increased Bifidobacterium population compared to CON at week 6 and lowered Enterobacteriaceae at week 6 and week 10 (p &lt; 0.05). Regarding gene expressions of intestinal integrity, LP showed significantly higher TFF3 expression compared with CON and AB at week 6 and compared with other treatments in jejunum at week 10 (p &lt; 0.05). IP treatment had significantly higher MUC2 expression compared to other treatments at week 6 and week 10 (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, live multi-strain probiotics improved growth efficiency by enhancing gut integrity and microbiome balance, making them a potential antibiotic alternative to ameliorate weaning stress and promote productive performance in weaning piglets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T07:45:27Z","timestamp":1731915927000},"page":"2334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Live Multi-Strain Probiotics Enhance Growth Performance by Regulating Intestinal Morphology and Microbiome Population in Weaning Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2760-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3763-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi-Yong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bishnu Prasad","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9708-7103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYNBIO TECH Inc., Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7032-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao-Tung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYNBIO TECH Inc., Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Ching","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYNBIO TECH Inc., Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3921-8512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiu-Ming","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYNBIO TECH Inc., Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Hsuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYNBIO TECH Inc., Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Seng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYNBIO TECH Inc., Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai-Wei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0299-7","article-title":"Post weaning diarrhea in pigs: Risk factors and non-colistin-based control strategies","volume":"59","author":"Rhouma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet. 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