{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:35:58Z","timestamp":1760146558851,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["0001","303765\/2019-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0001","303765\/2019-4"]}]},{"name":"Banco do Nordeste (BNB\/Fundeci)","award":["0001","303765\/2019-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0001","303765\/2019-4"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa Cient\u00edfica e Tecnol\u00f3gica (CNPq)","award":["0001","303765\/2019-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0001","303765\/2019-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is a neglected disease that represents a significant public health problem. The antigenic profile of T. gondii is complex, and the immune response can lead to either susceptibility or resistance. Some antigens, such as surface antigen glycoprotein (SAG), are expressed on the surface of tachyzoite stages and interact with the host immune cells. In this study, we investigated the potential of the recombinant SAG2A protein of T. gondii to control parasitism and modulate the immune response in the peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) of both susceptible (C57BL\/6) and resistant (BALB\/c) mice using an in vitro infection model, gene expression, proteomic analysis, and bioinformatic tools. Our results showed that rSAG2A-treated PECs presented a lower parasitism in C57BL\/6 mice but not in the PECs from BALB\/c mice, and induced a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in C57BL\/6 mice (iNOS, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6). rSAG2A modulated different exclusive proteins in each mouse lineage, with PECs from the C57BL\/6 mice being more sensitive to modulation by rSAG2A. Additionally, biological processes crucial to parasite survival and immune response were modulated by rSAG2A in the C57BL\/6 PECs, including fatty acid beta-oxidation, reactive oxygen species metabolism, interferon production, and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. Together, our study indicates that rSAG2A controls T. gondii parasitism in susceptible C57BL\/6 PECs through the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced expression of proteins involved in the cytotoxic response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T03:57:04Z","timestamp":1732075024000},"page":"2366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recombinant SAG2A Protein from Toxoplasma gondii Modulates Immune Profile and Induces Metabolic Changes Associated with Reduced Tachyzoite Infection in Peritoneal Exudate Cells from Susceptible C57BL\/6 Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tha\u00edse Anne Rocha dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0678-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio C\u00e9zar de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edson Mario de Andrade","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1193-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uener Ribeiro","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4271-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monaliza Mac\u00eado","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa Corr\u00eaa","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3615-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neide Maria","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5569-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Ant\u00f4nio de Oliveira","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamilly Azevedo","family":"Leal-Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jair Pereira da","family":"Cunha-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiago Wilson Patriarca","family":"Mineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9010-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Mineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rica Ara\u00fajo","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Lima-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6176-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Priminho","family":"Pirovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2019.8.1.4","article-title":"Rhoptry Antigens as Toxoplasma gondii Vaccine Target","volume":"8","author":"Foroutan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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