{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T03:30:28Z","timestamp":1784863828015,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian federal ministries BMK"},{"name":"BMDW"},{"name":"Austrian provinces Lower Austria"},{"name":"Upper Austria"},{"name":"Vienna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the absence of data on the reporting of L. monocytogenes resistance to antibiotics, we sought to determine which clonal complexes (CCs)\/sequence types (STs) circulate in the food chain in Kosovo and to determine their antibiogram profiles to a panel of 18 antibiotics. From a total of 114 isolates, 21 different typical STs were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Each isolate derived from the food categories was subjected to tests to verify its susceptibility to the selected antibiotics according to the designed Sensititre GPN3F panel. Among the different STs that were identified, CC9-ST9 was more abundant in meat products (38.75%) while CC29-ST29 was more abundant (24.0%) in dairy products. Moreover, these isolates showed marked resistance against levofloxacin (22.8%), gentamicin and rifampicin (17.5%), quinupristin\/dalfopristin (14.9%), erythromycin (11.4%), penicillin (7.89%), tetracycline (1.75%), and streptomycin (0.88%). A total of 27 multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes were observed amongst the isolates, which ranged from 3 to 12. The ARI of the food category including meat and meat products (MMP, 0.22) and fish meat products (FMP, 0.26) were &gt;0.2, the permissible Krumperman threshold. The number of strains with MAR values &gt;0.2 was 34, (29.8%). The identification of typical multidrug-resistant STs among L. monocytogenes isolates in Kosovo constitutes a potential threat to food safety and public health, which requires a continuous and expanded surveillance system to prevent the further spread of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T03:21:23Z","timestamp":1732764083000},"page":"2441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multilocus Sequence Typing and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Foods Surveyed in Kosovo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Besart","family":"Jashari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Microbiology, Food and Veterinary Laboratory, Food and Veterinary Agency of Kosovo, Lidhja e Pej\u00ebs 241, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6172-0587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrix","family":"Stessl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Food Microbiology, Centre for Food Science and Public Veterinary Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food Systems Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, A-2110 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8658-8874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria Unit, ANSES, European Union Reference Laboratory for <i>L. monocytogenes<\/i>, University of Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6034-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armend","family":"Cana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, University for Business and Technology-Higher Education Institution, Kalabria, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bledar","family":"Bisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7448-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean","family":"Jankuloski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0535-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Blagoevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeoye J.","family":"Kayode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sing, A. (2023). Listeriosis: The Dark Side of Refrigeration and Ensiling. Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-27164-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saldivar, J.C., Davis, M.L., Johnson, M.G., and Ricke, S.C. (2018). Listeria monocytogenes adaptation and growth at low temperatures: Mechanisms and implications for foodborne disease. Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811835-1.00013-0"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.561378","article-title":"An ecological perspective of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms in food processing facilities","volume":"53","author":"Valderrama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilliard, A., Leong, D., O\u2019Callaghan, A., Culligan, E.P., Morgan, C.A., DeLappe, N., Hill, C., Jordan, K., Cormican, M., and Gahan, C.G.M. (2018). Genomic Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Associated with Clinical Listeriosis and the Food Production Environment in Ireland. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9030171"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.022","article-title":"Cost-of-illness and disease burden of food-related pathogens in the Netherlands, 2011","volume":"196","author":"Mangen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.1965","article-title":"Economic Cost of a Listeria monocytogenes Outbreak in Canada, 2008","volume":"12","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA, ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2023). The European Union One Health 2022 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 21, e8442.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8442"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2010.05.002","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes lineages: Genomics, evolution, ecology, and phenotypic characteristics","volume":"301","author":"Orsi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7629","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01127-08","article-title":"Multilocus genotyping assays for single nucleotide polymorphism-based subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes isolates","volume":"74","author":"Ward","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.12.2648","article-title":"Multicenter validation of a multiplex PCR assay for differentiating the major Listeria monocytogenes serovars 1\/2a, 1\/2b, 1\/2c, and 4b: Toward an international standard","volume":"68","author":"Doumith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3819-3822.2004","article-title":"Differentiation of the major Listeria monocytogenes serovars by multiplex PCR","volume":"42","author":"Doumith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s002849900315","article-title":"Identification and characterization of nucleotide sequence differences in three virulence-associated genes of Listeria monocytogenes strains representing clinically important serotypes","volume":"36","author":"Vines","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01278-6","article-title":"A European-wide dataset to uncover adaptive traits of Listeria monocytogenes to diverse ecological niches","volume":"9","author":"Benjamin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.05.014","article-title":"Diversity and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in meat processing plants","volume":"44","author":"Perich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragon, M., Wirth, T., Hollandt, F., Lavenir, R., Lecuit, M., Le Monnier, A., and Brisse, S. (2008). A new perspective on Listeria monocytogenes evolution. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000146"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00738-15","article-title":"Clonogrouping, a rapid multiplex PCR method for identification of major clones of Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"53","author":"Maury","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.59.030804.121325","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of bacteria","volume":"60","author":"Maiden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, A., Criscuolo, A., Pouseele, H., Maury, M.M., Leclercq, A., Tar, C., Bj\u00f6rkman, J.T., Dallman, T., Reimer, A., and Enouf, V. (2016). Whole genome-based population biology and epidemiological surveillance of Listeria monocytogenes. Nat. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.185"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jashari, B., Capitaine, K., Bisha, B., Stessl, B., Blagoevska, K., Cana, A., Jankuloski, D., and Felix, B. (2024). Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in the food chain of the Republic of Kosovo from 2016 to 2022. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13182883"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Founou, L.L., Founou, R.C., and Essack, S.Y. (2016). Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: A developing country-perspective. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01881"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12387","article-title":"Emergence of antibiotic resistance in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food products: A comprehensive review","volume":"17","author":"Olaimat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2005.2.201","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy farms","volume":"2","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2723","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and multilocus sequence typing of Listeria monocytogenes isolated over 11 years from food, humans, and the environment in Italy","volume":"17","author":"Caruso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Disease"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01381-10","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from food and the environment in France over a 10-year period","volume":"77","author":"Granier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1396","article-title":"Coexpression of virulence and fosfomycin susceptibility in Listeria: Molecular basis of an antimicrobial in vitro-in vivo paradox","volume":"12","author":"Scortti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"210","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of the commonest form of listeriosis: Meningitis and bacteraemia","volume":"25","author":"Pagliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.06.006","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment and mortality in patients with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis or bacteraemia","volume":"22","author":"Knudsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2000.00168.x","article-title":"Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria species: L. Grayi, L. Innocua, L. Ivanovii, L. Monocytogenes, L. Seeligeri and L. Welshimeri strains","volume":"6","author":"Troxler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.07.010","article-title":"Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from retail foods","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.04.009","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria spp. in homemade white cheese","volume":"19","author":"Arslan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.02.017","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua from meat products and meat-processing environment","volume":"42","author":"Marco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12208","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from raw milk and dairy products","volume":"36","author":"Kevenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Safety."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2017). Microbiology of Food and Feeding Stuffs. Horizontal Method for the Detection and Enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp.\u2014Part 1. Detection Method (Standard No. EN ISO 11290-1\/2017)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.757-762.2003","article-title":"Development of a multilocus sequence typing method for analysis of Listeria monocytogenes clones","volume":"41","author":"Salcedo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2023-0050","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes serogroups IIa and IVb from food and food-production environments in Poland","volume":"67","author":"Lachtara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.12.022","article-title":"Prevalence, genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from fresh and smoked fish in Poland","volume":"64","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2019). Susceptibility Testing of Infectious Agents and Evaluation of Performance of Antimicrobial Suscep-tibility Test Devices. Part 1: Broth Micro-Dilution Reference Method for Testing the In Vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Against Rapidly Growing Aerobic Bacteria Involved in Infectious Diseases (Standard No. EN ISO 20776-1\/2019). Published (Edition 2)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"EUCAST (2024, January 01). The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170.1983","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indexing of Escherichia coli to Identify High-Risk Sources of Fecal Contamination of Foods","volume":"46","author":"Krumperman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"205","article-title":"A case report of sporadic ovine listerial meningoencephalitis in Kosovo","volume":"56","author":"Hamidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2016.2248","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Products of Animal Origin in Spain","volume":"14","author":"Escolar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107665","article-title":"Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes clones from produce handling and processing facilities in the pacific northwest","volume":"123","author":"Bland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayode, A.J., and Okoh, A.I. (2023). Antimicrobial-Resistant Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Foods: Implications for Food Safety and Risk Assessment. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12061346"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayode, A.J., and Okoh, A.I. (2022). Assessment of multidrug-resistant Listeria monocytogenes in milk and milk product and One Health perspective. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270993"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.12.007","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility of 259 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from food, food-processing plants and human samples in Germany","volume":"11","author":"Noll","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01253-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01253-19","article-title":"Biocide-Tolerant Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from German Food Production Plants Do Not Show Cross-Resistance to Clinically Relevant Antibiotics","volume":"85","author":"Roedel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"7693782","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Turkey","volume":"2018","author":"Tezel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wi\u015bniewski, P., Zakrzewski, A.J., Zadernowska, A., and Chaj\u0119cka-Wierzchowska, W. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance and virulence characterization of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from food and food processing environments. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101099"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00e9lix, B., Capitaine, K., Te, S., Felten, A., Gillot, G., Feurer, C., van den Bosch, T., Torresi, M., Sr\u00e9tern\u00e9 Lancz, Z., and Delannoy, S. (2023). Identification by High-Throughput Real-Time PCR of 30 Major Circulating Listeria monocytogenes Clonal Complexes in Europe. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03954-22"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/hygiene3010004","article-title":"Presence and Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in the Danish Ready-to-Eat Food Production Environment","volume":"3","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hygiene"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fyac021","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyac021","article-title":"Systematic review of Listeria monocytogenes from food and clinical samples in Chinese mainland from 2010 to 2019","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Qual. Safety"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurpas, M., Osek, J., Moura, A., Leclercq, A., Lecuit, M., and Wieczorek, K. (2020). Genomic Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Meat and Meat Processing Environments in Poland. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01412"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.029","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and genotypic characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food in Poland","volume":"289","author":"Sosnowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, A., Gray, J., Chandry, P.S., and Fox, E.M. (2018). Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance among Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Australian Food Production Chains. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020080"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0136","article-title":"Molecular Characteristics and Virulence Profile of Clinical Listeria monocytogenes Isolates in Northern Taiwan, 2009\u20132019","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daza Prieto, B., Pietzka, A., Martinovic, A., Ruppitsch, W., and Zuber Bogdanovic, I. (2024). Surveillance and genetic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in the food chain in Montenegro during the period 2014\u20132022. Front Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1418333"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1706.101778","article-title":"Worldwide distribution of major clones of Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"17","author":"Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10380-0","article-title":"Hypervirulent Listeria monocytogenes clones\u2019 adaptation to mammalian gut accounts for their association with dairy products","volume":"10","author":"Maury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00579-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00579-20","article-title":"In-Depth Longitudinal Study of Listeria monocytogenes ST9 isolates from the Meat Processing Industry: Resolving Diversity and Transmission Patterns Using Whole-Genome Sequencing","volume":"86","author":"Fagerlund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C.E., Okoh, A.I., and Lues, R. (2023). Occurrence and Multidrug Resistance in Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Recovered from the Anaerobic Co-Digestion Sludge Contained in a Single Stage Steel Biodigester: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030725"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"234","article-title":"Occurrence of Listeria spp. and antibiotic resistance profiles of Listeria monocytogenes from raw meat at retail in turkey","volume":"32","author":"Keskin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Italy J. Food Sci."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/12\/2441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:41:08Z","timestamp":1760114468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/12\/2441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12122441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12122441","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]}}}