{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:43Z","timestamp":1760146663234,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSA1908","201900840-J011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSA1908","201900840-J011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)","award":["JPMJSA1908","201900840-J011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSA1908","201900840-J011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spotty liver disease (SLD) affects free-range laying hens, leading to mortality and reduced egg production. Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter hepaticus, have been associated with SLD cases worldwide. However, the cause of SLD-like lesions found in broilers in Japan still remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of Campylobacter spp. in broiler SLD by conducting microbiological, molecular biological, serological, histopathological, and immunohistopathological examinations using specimens of liver, bile, cecum, and serum from SLD-like and non-SLD chickens. C. jejuni was predominantly isolated and detected in approximately 40% of both non-SLD livers and SLD-like livers, with no significant difference between them. However, C. hepaticus was neither isolated nor detected in this study. Gross and histopathology revealed multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, suppurative granulomatous hepatitis, and cholangiohepatitis. Hepatitis stages are classified as no hepatitis, subclinical, acute, and chronic hepatitis. C. jejuni was more frequently present in acute-stage SLD-like livers, and high IgG antibody levels were noted in both subclinical and SLD-like-affected chickens, indicating C. jejuni infection. Immunohistochemical examination also supported these findings. The findings suggest that C. hepaticus was not involved in SLD-like in broilers in Japan, but C. jejuni translocation from the intestines to the liver may be a contributing factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T11:26:08Z","timestamp":1732706768000},"page":"2442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Involvement of Campylobacter Species in Spotty Liver Disease-like Lesions in Broiler Chickens Detected at Meat Inspections in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7028-4139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piyarat","family":"Jiarpinitnun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Iwakiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyazaki Prefecture Tsuno Meat Hygiene Inspection Center, Miyazaki 889-1201, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Fuke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6092-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornsawan","family":"Pongsawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chizuru","family":"Miyanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satomi","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3289-1077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takako","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6150-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taradon","family":"Luangtongkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-4554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-0977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoaki","family":"Misawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.3.472","article-title":"Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans","volume":"157","author":"Black","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.76.4.407","article-title":"The role of poultry and meats in the etiology of Campylobacter jejuni\/coli enteritis","volume":"76","author":"Harris","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.44.5.1154-1158.1982","article-title":"Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk","volume":"44","author":"Doyle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91698-7","article-title":"Water-borne outbreak of Campylobacter gastroenteritis","volume":"321","author":"Palmer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2003.12.004","article-title":"Campylobacter infection in 682 Bulgarian patients with acute enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other chronic intestinal diseases","volume":"49","author":"Boyanova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1086\/516127","article-title":"Bacteremia due to Campylobacter species: Clinical findings and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns","volume":"25","author":"Pigrau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1984.00350170242039","article-title":"Hemolytic uremic syndrome after Campylobacter-induced diarrhea in an adult","volume":"144","author":"Delans","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6227.1301","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni\/coli meningitis in a neonate","volume":"280","author":"Thomas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1086\/591530","article-title":"Campylobacter bacteremia: Clinical features and factors associated with fatal outcome","volume":"47","author":"Pacanowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.1086\/513783","article-title":"Association between Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"176","author":"Allos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.8.4343-4351.2003","article-title":"Sources of Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens","volume":"69","author":"Newell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"219","article-title":"A liver degeneration of unknown origin in chickens","volume":"125","author":"Tudor","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.2307\/1587535","article-title":"Avian infectious hepatitis","volume":"2","author":"Hofstad","year":"1958","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.2307\/1587535","article-title":"Avian infectious hepatitis. I. Clinical and pathological manifestations","volume":"2","author":"Sevoian","year":"1958","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3","article-title":"Avian vibrionic hepatitis in Alberta","volume":"2","author":"Whenham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1964.tb01764.x","article-title":"Vibrionic hepatitis in fowls","volume":"40","author":"Gardiner","year":"1964","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"71","article-title":"Preventive measures against hepatitis caused by vibrios in laying hens","volume":"20","author":"Bogdanov","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ptakhivnitstvo."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"153","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni in broilers: The role of vertical transmission","volume":"96","author":"Shanker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214012","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni contamination of eggs","volume":"10","author":"Shane","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2307\/1587511","article-title":"Studies of an agent causing hepatitis in chickens","volume":"2","author":"Moore","year":"1958","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2307\/1587534","article-title":"Avian vibrionic hepatitis","volume":"2","author":"Peckham","year":"1958","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"664","article-title":"Increased mortality on a free-range layer site","volume":"153","author":"Crawshaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2020.1801532","article-title":"Isolation of Campylobacter hepaticus from free-range poultry with spotty liver disease in New Zealand","volume":"69","author":"Crawshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.e2201","article-title":"Spotty liver syndrome in poultry in Great Britain","volume":"170","author":"Crawshaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Grimes, T., and Reece, R. (2011, January 20\u201323). Spotty liver disease\u2014An emerging disease in free range egg layers in Australia. Proceedings of the 60th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Modesto, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1637\/11752-092017-Reg.1","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter hepaticus from layer chickens with spotty liver disease in the United States","volume":"62","author":"Gregory","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.033","article-title":"Induction of spotty liver disease in layer hens by infection with Campylobacter hepaticus","volume":"199","author":"Van","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4518","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001383","article-title":"Campylobacter hepaticus sp. nov., isolated from chickens with spotty liver disease","volume":"66","author":"Van","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2024, January 30). The 97th Statistical Yearbook of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Agency, Fiscal Year 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.maff.go.jp\/e\/data\/stat\/97th\/index.html#8."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2024, January 30). Poultry Slaughtering Business Control and Poultry Meat Inspection Act (Tentative Translation) Act No.70, Available online: https:\/\/www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp\/en\/laws\/view\/4494\/en."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-1-86","article-title":"Development of a combined filtration-enrichment culture followed by a one-step duplex PCR technique for the rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in human faecal samples","volume":"51","author":"Misawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.7.1742-1749.1994","article-title":"Detection of Salmonella serovars from clinical samples by enrichment broth cultivation-PCR procedure","volume":"32","author":"Stone","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(97)85118-2","article-title":"Rapid identification by PCR of the genus Campylobacter and of five Campylobacter species enteropathogenic for man and animals","volume":"147","author":"Linton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4744-4747.2002","article-title":"Colony multiplex PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, and C. fetus subsp. fetus","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.10.2568-2572.1997","article-title":"PCR detection, identification to species level, and fingerprinting of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli direct from diarrheic samples","volume":"35","author":"Linton","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.06.022","article-title":"Campylobacter hepaticus, the cause of spotty liver disease in chickens, is present throughout the small intestine and caeca of infected birds","volume":"207","author":"Van","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Serhan, C.N., Ward, P.A., and Gilroy, D.W. (2010). Fundamentals of Inflammation, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.15.5.761-768.1982","article-title":"Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni by slide agglutination based on heat-labile antigenic factors","volume":"15","author":"Lior","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.12.6.732-737.1980","article-title":"Passive hemagglutination technique for serotyping Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni on the basis of soluble heat-stable antigens","volume":"12","author":"Penner","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0244","article-title":"Work-related increases in titer of Campylobacter jejuni antibody among workers at a chicken processing plant in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan, independent of individual ingestion of edible raw chicken meat","volume":"83","author":"Tangkonda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879100300128","article-title":"Technical considerations for developing enzyme immunohistochemical staining procedures on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for diagnostic pathology","volume":"3","author":"Haines","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2006.02020.x","article-title":"Campylobacter in chicken livers and their destruction by pan frying","volume":"43","author":"Whyte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.2307\/1591600","article-title":"Isolation of Campylobacter from livers of broiler chickens with and without necrotic hepatitis lesions","volume":"35","author":"Boukraa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Avian. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1637\/7376-051005R.1","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni strains of human and chicken origin are invasive in chickens after oral challenge","volume":"50","author":"Knudsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6366","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01901-14","article-title":"Dynamics of dual infection with Campylobacter jejuni strains in chickens reveals distinct strain-to-strain variation in infection ecology","volume":"80","author":"Chaloner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01698-07","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor inhibits Campylobacter jejuni-induced claudin-4 disruption, loss of epithelial barrier function, and Escherichia coli translocation","volume":"76","author":"Kalischuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2489","article-title":"Chicken liver\u2013Associated outbreaks of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, United States, 2000\u20132016: Identifying opportunities for prevention","volume":"15","author":"Lanier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"343","article-title":"Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with a human strain of Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"86","author":"Fitzgeorge","year":"1981","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.057","article-title":"Enumeration and identification of Campylobacter species in the liver and bile of slaughtered cattle","volume":"118","author":"Enokimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.58.205","article-title":"Experimental hepatitis induced by Campylobacter jejuni infection in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"58","author":"Misawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2017.49.3.230","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia in a liver cirrhosis patient and review of literature: A case study","volume":"49","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, R.K., Jiang, T., Wideman, R.F., Lohrmann, T., and Kwon, Y.M. (2020). Microbiota Analysis of Chickens Raised Under Stressed Conditions. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.482637"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.48.2.446-451.1985","article-title":"Phagocytosis of Campylobacter jejuni and its intracellular survival in mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"48","author":"Kiehlbauch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.7.2214-2222.1989","article-title":"Cellular events and intracellular survival of Campylobacter jejuni during infection of HEp-2 cells","volume":"57","author":"Gabbiani","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-33-3-171","article-title":"Hepatotoxic activity of Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"33","author":"Kita","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van, T.T., Phung, C., Anwar, A., Wilson, T.B., Scott, P.C., and Moore, R.J. (2023). Campylobacter bilis, the second novel Campylobacter species isolated from chickens with Spotty Liver Disease, can cause the disease. Vet. Microbiol., 276.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109603"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarker, S. (2022). Characterization of a novel complete-genome sequence of a galliform Chaphamaparvovirus from a free-range laying chicken clinically diagnosed with spotty liver disease. Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.01017-22"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Tahseen, A.A., Oscar, J.F., and John, B.H. (2016). Avian Histopathology, American Association of Avian Pathologists. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(99)00079-3","article-title":"Development of immunocompetence of broiler chickens","volume":"70","author":"Mast","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/12\/2442\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:41:06Z","timestamp":1760114466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/12\/2442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12122442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12122442","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2607"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]}}}