{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:29:20Z","timestamp":1787887760883,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funding within the Next Generation EU-MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"EU funding within the Next Generation EU-MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE0000013-FAIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000013-FAIR"]}]},{"name":"PNRR MUR project","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"PNRR MUR project","award":["PE0000013-FAIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000013-FAIR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant healthcare challenge that particularly affects vulnerable patients through opportunistic nosocomial infections. Surveillance is crucial for monitoring the prevalence of these infections. Eighty-four KPC K. pneumoniae strains (2019\u20132022) were collected from patients admitted in Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico. Strains were identified by MALDI-TOF and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and gene amplification was performed to identify the different blaKPC variants. Phylogenetic reconstructions were carried out using Bayesian methods. Additionally, to create a Bayesian skyline plot (BSP), additional analyses were conducted, running a simulation of 100 million generations under a Bayesian skyline model along with the uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model. To identify potential subgroups within genetic clusters and evaluate genetic variability among sequences, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was performed. In total, 84 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), characterized by resistance to three or more antibiotic classes, including carbapenems, and testing positive for KPC gene presence, and were included in the study. The Bayesian evolutionary tree for K. pneumoniae showed strongly supported branches but no genetic structure related to sampling dates or hospital departments. Phylogenetic analysis revealing a 73-year evolutionary span of K. pneumoniae strains. PCoA analysis identified three genetic outliers from 2022 and one from 2021, indicating higher genetic distances. The Bayesian skyline plot revealed increased genetic variability peaking at the end of 2019, followed by stabilization from early 2020 onward, with no significant changes in genetic variability thereafter. Overall, the study found no genetic structure correlating with sampling date or hospital department, suggesting significant variability in pathogen introduction during the pandemic. The increase in multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae was linked to the influx of severe COVID-19 cases, prolonged hospitalizations, and heightened broad-spectrum antibiotic use, which likely facilitated resistance development and transmission amidst altered infection control practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T04:15:03Z","timestamp":1733804103000},"page":"2541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains in a Hospital: Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Local Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0886-1126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"Ristori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3501-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Scarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3058-4663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Sanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5042-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Casu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2585-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Petrosillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Prevention Control and Infectious Disease Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umile Giuseppe","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De Florio","family":"Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Spoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Chiantia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Caserta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico 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