{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:50Z","timestamp":1760146850633,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Virginia Lee Cook Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BK viremia (BKPyV-DNAemia) and nephropathy (BKPyVAN) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Vitamin D supports immune function, yet low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is common among KTRs. The association between serum 25(OH)D, measured 61 days to 2 years post-transplant, and subsequent incident BKPyV-DNAemia and BKPyVAN was examined in KTRs without previous BKPyV-DNAemia or BKPyVAN, respectively. Out of 3308 KTRs, 399 (12%) were vitamin D deficient [25(OH)D \u2264 20 ng\/mL], and 916 (27.7%) were insufficient [25(OH)D 21\u201329 ng\/mL]. A total of 184 KTRs developed BKPyV-DNAemia and 44 developed BKPyVAN. The incidence rate (\/100 person-years) for BKPyV-DNAemia was 2.88 in the 25(OH)D sufficient group, 2.22 in the insufficient group, and 2.37 in the deficient group. The incidence rate (\/100 person-years) for BKPyVAN was 0.30 in the 25(OH)D sufficient group, 0.75 in the insufficient group, and 1.28 in the deficient group. Vitamin D deficiency (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] compared to 25(OH)D sufficiency: 3.92; 95% CI: 1.66\u20139.23) and insufficiency (aHR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.11\u20134.45) remained significantly associated with the incidence of BKPyVAN after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Low serum 25(OH)D was associated with an increased risk of BKPyVAN but not BKPyV-DNAemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T06:48:39Z","timestamp":1734331719000},"page":"2588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Post-Kidney Transplant Is Associated with Increased Risk of BK Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1282-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suseela A.","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2494-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela L.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Fedorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongyu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3326-8583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier A.","family":"Mandelbrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad C.","family":"Astor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1667-7465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandesh","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13561","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13561","article-title":"Risk factors for progression from low level BK dnaemia to unfavorable outcomes after BK management via immunosuppressive reduction","volume":"23","author":"Kharel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl. 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