{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:54:38Z","timestamp":1790798078612,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPQ","award":["09\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/2022"]}]},{"name":"CNPQ","award":["04\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria","award":["09\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria","award":["04\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silver nanoparticles have garnered significant attention for their antimicrobial applications. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a silver nanoparticle-enhanced bone graft and assess its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Bone granules from bovine cancellous femur were impregnated with silver nanoparticles (50 nm). The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity was tested against various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli. Biocompatibility and resorption were evaluated in a mouse calvaria model. All the tested pathogens showed susceptibility to silver nanoparticles, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 4 mg\/L. The silver nanoparticle scaffolds demonstrated a significant reduction in biofilm formation across all microorganisms. The graft exhibited a biocompatibility comparable to that of autologous bone, with reduced resorption rates. Additionally, the presence of nanoparticles did not impact radiolucency, and cytotoxicity remained minimal. Bone grafts impregnated with silver nanoparticles effectively reduce biofilm formation, suggesting their potential as a strategic material for various implant applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T10:54:02Z","timestamp":1734432842000},"page":"2616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nanoarchitectonics for Advancing Bone Graft Technology: Integration of Silver Nanoparticles Against Bacteria and Fungi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Leticia Ramos","family":"Dantas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Alice","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Everdan","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odontology School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3471-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Francisco","family":"Tuon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000200017","article-title":"Alveolar bone healing process in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A radiographic densitometry study","volume":"20","author":"Manrique","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.123090","article-title":"Combined soft and hard tissue augmentation for a localized alveolar ridge defect","volume":"4","author":"Rana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez, R.F., Bucchi, C., Navarro, P., Beltran, V., and Borie, E. (2015). Bone grafts utilized in dentistry: An analysis of patients\u2019 preferences. BMC Med. Ethics, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-015-0044-6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i5.10","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"40","author":"Amini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13058","article-title":"Bone grafts: Which is the ideal biomaterial?","volume":"46","author":"Haugen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iviglia, G., Kargozar, S., and Baino, F. (2019). Biomaterials, Current Strategies, and Novel Nano-Technological Approaches for Periodontal Regeneration. J. Funct. Biomater., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb10010003"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, J.L., Shrivastava, R., Shah, P.D., Maturavongsadit, P., and Benhabbour, S.R. (2023). Injectable pH and Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel Scaffold with Enhanced Osteogenic Differentiation of Preosteoblasts for Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1379.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3729","article-title":"Case-control Study: Comparative Evaluation of Bio active Glass (Novabone Putty) and Demineralized Freeze-dried Bone Allograft in the Treatment of Mandibular Furcation Defects","volume":"25","author":"Sen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00902021","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0090-2021","article-title":"Pre- and post-COVID-19 evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility for healthcare-associated infections in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital","volume":"54","author":"Gaspar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510377794","article-title":"The use of nanoparticles to control oral biofilm formation","volume":"89","author":"Allaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinescu, L., Ficai, D., Ficai, A., Oprea, O., Nicoara, A.I., Vasile, B.S., Boanta, L., Marin, A., Andronescu, E., and Holban, A.M. (2022). Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Wet Chemical Reduction and Solvothermal Methods. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115982"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.200600171","article-title":"Topical delivery of silver nanoparticles promotes wound healing","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24946","article-title":"Silver ion-doped calcium phosphate-based bone-graft substitute eliminates chronic osteomyelitis: An experimental study in animals","volume":"39","author":"Kose","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13186","article-title":"Antimicrobial agent prescription: A prospective cohort study in patients with sepsis and septic shock","volume":"24","author":"Castano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2012.1424","article-title":"Hydroxyapatites and europium(III) doped hydroxyapatites as a carrier of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity","volume":"8","author":"Wiglusz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25830","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b06757","article-title":"Bioinspired and Biomimetic AgNPs\/Gentamicin-Embedded Silk Fibroin Coatings for Robust Antibacterial and Osteogenetic Applications","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.08.001","article-title":"Perspectives on the role of nanotechnology in bone tissue engineering","volume":"29","author":"Saiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-021-09938-4","article-title":"Disinfection protocol for human musculoskeletal allografts in tissue banking using hydrogen peroxide 30","volume":"22","author":"Dantas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-014-9443-z","article-title":"Assessment of an improved bone washing protocol for deceased donor human bone","volume":"16","author":"Eagle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6627","DOI":"10.1021\/cm801077p","article-title":"Assembly of Metal Nanoparticles on Electrospun Nylon 6 Nanofibers by Control of Interfacial Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2012.06.113","article-title":"Silver micro-, submicro- and nano-crystals using bovine bone as template. Formation of a silver\/bovine bone composite","volume":"85","author":"Hinestroza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1170","article-title":"Effects of silver-based wound dressings on the bacterial flora in chronic leg ulcers and its susceptibility in vitro to silver","volume":"92","author":"Sutterlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2008.07.020","article-title":"Bacteriostasis testing on allograft tissue inoculated in Wilkins-Chalgren broth","volume":"70","author":"Saegeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-1013-5","article-title":"The activity of a small lytic peptide PTP-7 on Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"49","author":"Kharidia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MB-0016-2014","article-title":"New Technologies for Studying Biofilms","volume":"3","author":"Franklin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061588","article-title":"Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection","volume":"357","author":"Trampuz","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.02.027","article-title":"The Accuracy of a New Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Software in the Preoperative Working Length Determination Ex Vivo","volume":"44","author":"Segato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12655","article-title":"Influence of exposure parameters on the detection of simulated root fractures in the presence of various intracanal materials","volume":"50","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-020-09856-x","article-title":"Determination of antibiotics and detergent residues in decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves using LC-MS\/MS","volume":"21","author":"Kraft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.119726","article-title":"How to calculate sample size in animal studies?","volume":"4","author":"Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NR06154F","article-title":"Balancing the antibacterial and osteogenic effects of double-layer TiO(2) nanotubes loaded with silver nanoparticles for the osseointegration of implants","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, M.S., Nagoth, J.A., Ramasamy, K.P., Ballarini, P., Mozzicafreddo, M., Mancini, A., Telatin, A., Lio, P., Giuli, G., and Natalello, A. (2020). Horizontal gene transfer and silver nanoparticles production in a new Marinomonas strain isolated from the Antarctic psychrophilic ciliate Euplotes focardii. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66878-x"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2017.1414825","article-title":"Pharmaceutical aspects of silver nanoparticles","volume":"46","author":"Mathur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB00158A","article-title":"Hybrid silver-gold nanoparticles suppress drug resistant polymicrobial biofilm formation and intracellular infection","volume":"8","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salaie, R.N., Hassan, P.A., Meran, Z.D., and Hamad, S.A. (2023). Antibacterial Activity of Dissolved Silver Fractions Released from Silver-Coated Titanium Dental Implant Abutments: A Study on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071097"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2575","article-title":"A Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver-based Preventive Restorations (Silver Nitrate, Silver Diamine Fluoride, and Silver Nanoparticles) against Streptococcus mutans Monospecies Biofilm Model","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.04.184","article-title":"Multimodal silver-chitosan-acylase nanoparticles inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation by Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium","volume":"646","author":"Ferreres","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801852","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801852","article-title":"EGaIn-Assisted Room-Temperature Sintering of Silver Nanoparticles for Stretchable, Inkjet-Printed, Thin-Film Electronics","volume":"30","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2005.034","article-title":"Synthesis and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.5194\/jbji-6-199-2021","article-title":"Comment on \u201cBioactive glass S53P4 vs. autologous bone graft for filling defects in patients with chronic osteomyelitis and infected non-unions\u2014A single center experience\u201d by Steinhausen et al. (2021)","volume":"6","author":"McNally","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Infect."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"86","article-title":"Biofilm bacteria: Formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics","volume":"66","author":"Olson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00114","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.05.072","article-title":"Bacterial membrane destabilization with cationic particles of nano-silver to combat efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"230","author":"Anuj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5194\/jbji-6-203-2021","article-title":"Reply to McNally\u2019s comment on \u201cBioactive glass S53P4 vs. autologous bone graft for filling defects in patients with chronic osteomyelitis and infected non-unions\u2014A single center experience\u201d by Steinhausen et al. (2021)","volume":"6","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Infect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumah, E.A., Fopa, R.D., Harati, S., Boadu, P., Zohoori, F.V., and Pak, T. (2023). Human and environmental impacts of nanoparticles: A scoping review of the current literature. BMC Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15958-4"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellisario, D., Santo, L., Quadrini, F., Hassiba, M., Bader, N., Chowdhury, S.H., Hassan, M.K., and Zughaier, S.M. (2023). Cytotoxicity and Antibiofilm Activity of Silver-Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050924"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.07.003","article-title":"Efficacy of 30% silver diamine fluoride compared to atraumatic restorative treatment on dentine caries arrestment in primary molars of preschool children: A 12-months parallel randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"88","author":"Vollu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2023.02.032","article-title":"Evaluation of silver nanoparticle-impregnated PMMA loaded with vancomycin or gentamicin against bacterial biofilm formation","volume":"54","author":"Soni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreanca, A., Bogdan, S., Popescu, A., Sand, D., Pall, E., Astilean, A.N., Pestean, C., Toma, C., Marza, S., and Taulescu, M. (2023). The evaluation of the osteopromoting capabilities of composites based on biopolymers and gold\/silver nanoparticles doped bioactive glasses on an experimental rat bone defect. Biomed. Mater., 18.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ace9a6"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/12\/2616\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:54:07Z","timestamp":1760115247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/12\/2616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12122616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12122616","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}}}