{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:47:23Z","timestamp":1780433243414,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":295,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 and mpox crisis has reminded the world of the potentially catastrophic consequences of biological agents. Aside from the natural risk, biological agents can also be weaponized or used for bioterrorism. Dissemination in a population or among livestock could be used to destabilize a nation by creating a climate of terror, by negatively impacting the economy and undermining institutions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classify biological agents into three categories (A or Tier 1, B and C) according to the risk they pose to the public and national security. Category A or Tier 1 consists of the six pathogens with the highest risk to the population (Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, botulinum neurotoxins, smallpox and viral hemorrhagic fevers). Several medical countermeasures, such as vaccines, antibodies and chemical drugs, have been developed to prevent or cure the diseases induced by these pathogens. This review presents an overview of the primary medical countermeasures, and in particular, of the antibodies available against the six pathogens on the CDC\u2019s Tier 1 agents list, as well as against ricin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T08:56:32Z","timestamp":1734512192000},"page":"2622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development of Effective Medical Countermeasures Against the Main Biowarfare Agents: The Importance of Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Avril","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Interaction H\u00f4te-Pathog\u00e8ne, D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-7901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Guillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Bact\u00e9riologie, D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"},{"name":"UMR_MD1, Inserm U1261, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny sur Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0661-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Rasetti-Escargueil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Targeted Therapy Team, Institute for Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.03.012","article-title":"The \u201cHittite Plague\u201d, an Epidemic of Tularemia and the First Record of Biological Warfare","volume":"69","author":"Trevisanato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.010536","article-title":"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa","volume":"8","author":"Wheelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7973702","article-title":"The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979","volume":"266","author":"Meselson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"530","article-title":"Experimentation on Prisoners by the Japanese during World War II","volume":"291","author":"Girdwood","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Barenblatt, D. (2004). A Plague upon Humanity, Harper. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2004.11928002","article-title":"Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism: A Historical Review","volume":"17","author":"Riedel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent. Proc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2024, December 05). FBI Amerithrax or Anthrax Investigation, Available online: https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/history\/famous-cases\/amerithrax-or-anthrax-investigation."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72077-7_9","article-title":"Therapeutic Antibodies for Biodefense","volume":"Volume 1053","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Recombinant Antibodies for Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2024, November 25). BBC Ricin Threat: Cologne Anti-Terror Police Search Flats. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-44494010."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"CNN, Barbarra, S., Ryan, B., Jim, A., and Eli, W. (2024, November 25). Suspected Ricin Detected in Mail Sent to Trump, Pentagon. Available online: https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/02\/politics\/pentagon-ricin-mail\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Justice.gov (2024, November 25). Foreign National Sentenced to over 21 Years for Mailing Ricin to President of the United States in 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/foreign-national-sentenced-over-21-years-mailing-ricin-president-united-states-2020."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020317","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.020317","article-title":"Natural Outbreaks and Bioterrorism: How to Deal with the Two Sides of the Same Coin?","volume":"10","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2024, December 05). United Nation Office for Disarmament Affairs Member States and Non-Member States. Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/disarmament\/geneva\/bwc\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2024, December 05). Committee Security Council Established Pursuant to Resolution 1540. 1540 Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/sc\/1540\/1540-fact-sheet.shtml."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Medina, B.E., Varela-Ramirez, A., Kirken, R.A., and Robles-Escajeda, E. (2022). The SARS-CoV-2 Origin Dilemma: Zoonotic Transfer or Laboratory Leak?. Bioessays, 44.","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202100189"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.031","article-title":"COVID-19: Discovery, Diagnostics and Drug Development","volume":"74","author":"Asselah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segreto, R., and Deigin, Y. (2021). The Genetic Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Does Not Rule out a Laboratory Origin: SARS-CoV-2 Chimeric Structure and Furin Cleavage Site Might Be the Result of Genetic Manipulation. Bioessays, 43.","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000240"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13872","article-title":"Potential Zoonotic Sources of SARS-CoV-2 Infections","volume":"68","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26478","article-title":"Questions Concerning the Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"93","author":"Seyran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundstrom, K., Seyran, M., Pizzol, D., Adadi, P., Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, T., Hassan, S.S., Soares, A., Kandimalla, R., Tambuwala, M.M., and Aljabali, A.A.A. (2020). Viewpoint: Origin of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111203"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06043-2","article-title":"Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market","volume":"631","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alwine, J.C., Casadevall, A., Enquist, L.W., Goodrum, F.D., and Imperiale, M.J. (2023). A Critical Analysis of the Evidence for the SARS-CoV-2 Origin Hypotheses. mBio, 14.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00583-23"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2024). Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic Chairman Brad Wenstrup: After Action Review of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Lessons Learned and a Path Forward, US House of Representatives."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2024, December 05). Sven Clement Report\u2014Biological Threats: Technological Progress and the Spectre of Bioterrorism in the Post-COVID-19 Era. Available online: https:\/\/www.nato-pa.int\/document\/2021-biological-threats-technological-progress-and-spectre-bioterrorism-post-covid-19-era."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbey, E.J., Khalifa, B.A.A., Oduwole, M.O., Ayeh, S.K., Nudotor, R.D., Salia, E.L., Lasisi, O., Bennett, S., Yusuf, H.E., and Agwu, A.L. (2020). The Global Health Security Index Is Not Predictive of Coronavirus Pandemic Responses among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Countries. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.21.20159061"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2024, December 05). King\u2019s College London Global BioLabs Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.kcl.ac.uk\/warstudies\/assets\/global-biolabs-report-2023.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01742-y","article-title":"Prevention and Treatment of Monkeypox","volume":"82","author":"Rizk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunge, E.M., Hoet, B., Chen, L., Lienert, F., Weidenthaler, H., Baer, L.R., and Steffen, R. (2022). The Changing Epidemiology of Human Monkeypox\u2014A Potential Threat? A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2024, December 05). FDA Bispecific Antibodies: An Area of Research and Clinical Applications, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/spotlight-cder-science\/bispecific-antibodies-area-research-and-clinical-applications."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297450","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2023.2297450","article-title":"Antibodies to Watch in 2024","volume":"16","author":"Crescioli","year":"2024","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"447","article-title":"Parsing Clinical Success Rates","volume":"15","author":"Mullard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, R.-M., Hwang, Y.-C., Liu, I.-J., Lee, C.-C., Tsai, H.-Z., Li, H.-J., and Wu, H.-C. (2020). Development of Therapeutic Antibodies for the Treatment of Diseases. J. Biomed. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0592-z"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friebe, S., van der Goot, F.G., and B\u00fcrgi, J. (2016). The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030069"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020353","article-title":"Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings","volume":"8","author":"Jernigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thouret, J.-M., Rogeaux, O., Beaudouin, E., Levast, M., Ramisse, V., Biot, F.V., Valade, E., Thibault, F., Gorg\u00e9, O., and Tournier, J.-N. (2020). Case Report of an Injectional Anthrax in France, 2012. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8070985"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2291","article-title":"Pathology of Inhalational Anthrax in 42 Cases from the Sverdlovsk Outbreak of 1979","volume":"90","author":"Abramova","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7589","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509551103","article-title":"Sverdlovsk Revisited: Modeling Human Inhalation Anthrax","volume":"103","author":"Wilkening","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goossens, P.L., and Tournier, J.-N. (2015). Crossing of the Epithelial Barriers by Bacillus anthracis: The Known and the Unknown. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01122"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couse, Z., Cui, X., Li, Y., Moayeri, M., Leppla, S., and Eichacker, P.Q. (2021). A Review of the Efficacy of FDA-Approved B. anthracis Anti-Toxin Agents When Combined with Antibiotic or Hemodynamic Support in Infection- or Toxin-Challenged Preclinical Models. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010053"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Ohanjanian, L., Sun, J., Cui, X., Suffredini, D., Li, Y., Welsh, J., and Eichacker, P.Q. (2017). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Trials Testing Anti-Toxin Therapies for B. anthracis Infection: A Need for More Robust Study Designs and Results. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189239"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000446","article-title":"Does Anthrax Antitoxin Therapy Have a Role in the Treatment of Inhalational Anthrax?","volume":"31","author":"Vietri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00546-16","article-title":"Revisiting the Concept of Targeting Only Bacillus anthracis Toxins as a Treatment for Anthrax","volume":"60","author":"Glinert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2301.160608","article-title":"Analysis of Anthrax Immune Globulin Intravenous with Antimicrobial Treatment in Injection Drug Users, Scotland, 2009\u20132010","volume":"23","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2024, December 12). Raxibacumab Package Insert, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2012\/125349s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810603","article-title":"Raxibacumab for the Treatment of Inhalational Anthrax","volume":"361","author":"Migone","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.07.170","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Obiltoxaximab: A Report of 5 Healthy Volunteer Studies","volume":"38","author":"Nagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0577-0","article-title":"Obiltoxaximab: First Global Approval","volume":"76","author":"Greig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Anthim (2024, December 05). Efficacy of Anthim. Available online: https:\/\/anthim.com\/efficacy.html."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2024, December 05). Cangene Anthrasil Package Insert, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/91577\/download."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5684","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00458-13","article-title":"Evaluation of Intravenous Anthrax Immune Globulin for Treatment of Inhalation Anthrax","volume":"57","author":"Mytle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0447","article-title":"Ultrasound Guidance Decreases Complications and Improves the Cost of Care among Patients Undergoing Thoracentesis and Paracentesis","volume":"143","author":"Mercaldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2015.0033","article-title":"Antimicrobial Treatment for Systemic Anthrax: Analysis of Cases from 1945 to 2014 Identified Through a Systematic Literature Review","volume":"13","author":"Pillai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Secur."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130687","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.130687","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Expert Panel Meetings on Prevention and Treatment of Anthrax in Adults","volume":"20","author":"Hendricks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001). Update: Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax and Adverse Events from Antimicrobial Prophylaxis. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 50, 973\u2013976."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh258","article-title":"Selection of Bacillus anthracis Isolates Resistant to Antibiotics","volume":"54","author":"Athamna","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2362-2365.2003","article-title":"In Vitro Selection and Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Mutants with High-Level Resistance to Ciprofloxacin","volume":"47","author":"Price","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4873-4877.2004","article-title":"Beta-Lactamase Gene Expression in a Penicillin-Resistant Bacillus anthracis Strain","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dassanayake, M.K., Khoo, T.-J., and An, J. (2021). Antibiotic Resistance Modifying Ability of Phytoextracts in Anthrax Biological Agent Bacillus anthracis and Emerging Superbugs: A Review of Synergistic Mechanisms. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00485-0"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, M.T., Carre\u00f1o, D., Tirado-V\u00e9lez, J.M., Ferr\u00e1ndiz, M.J., Rodrigues, L., Gracia, B., Amblar, M., Ainsa, J.A., and de la Campa, A.G. (2018). Boldine-Derived Alkaloids Inhibit the Activity of DNA Topoisomerase I and Growth of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01659"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"10","article-title":"Tomatidine Is a Lead Antibiotic Molecule That Targets Staphylococcus aureus ATP Synthase Subunit C","volume":"62","author":"Isabelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine to Prevent Anthrax, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290345","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2290345","article-title":"Efficacy of Different AV7909 Dose Regimens in a Nonclinical Model of Pulmonary Anthrax","volume":"19","author":"Henning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818211031239","article-title":"Evaluation of the AV7909 Anthrax Vaccine Toxicity in Sprague Dawley Rats Following Three Intramuscular Administrations","volume":"40","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.10.095","article-title":"Efficacy of the AV7909 Anthrax Vaccine Candidate in Guinea Pigs and Nonhuman Primates Following Two Immunizations Two Weeks Apart","volume":"39","author":"Shearer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polito, L., Bortolotti, M., Battelli, M.G., Calafato, G., and Bolognesi, A. (2019). Ricin: An Ancient Story for a Timeless Plant Toxin. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201905.0338.v1"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1975.tb21001.x","article-title":"Ribosome Inactivation by the Toxic Lectins Abrin and Ricin. Kinetics of the Enzymic Activity of the Toxin A-Chains","volume":"60","author":"Olsnes","year":"1975","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sowa-Rogozi\u0144ska, N., Sominka, H., Nowakowska-Go\u0142acka, J., Sandvig, K., and S\u0142omi\u0144ska-Wojew\u00f3dzka, M. (2019). Intracellular Transport and Cytotoxicity of the Protein Toxin Ricin. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11060350"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.18.2342","article-title":"Ricin Poisoning: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"294","author":"Audi","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"209","article-title":"Immunity to Ricin: Fundamental Insights into Toxin-Antibody Interactions","volume":"357","author":"Yermakova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2023.06.008","article-title":"Anti-Ricin Toxin Human Neutralizing Antibodies and DMAbs Protection against Ricin Toxin Poisoning","volume":"383","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1039\/c1an15352h","article-title":"A Single DNA Aptamer Functions as a Biosensor for Ricin","volume":"136","author":"Lamont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, Y., Pauly, M., Guthals, A., Pham, H., Ehrbar, D., Zeitlin, L., and Mantis, N.J. (2020). A Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail to Prevent Pulmonary Ricin Intoxication. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040215"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelat, T., Hust, M., Hale, M., Lefranc, M.-P., D\u00fcbel, S., and Thullier, P. (2009). Isolation of a Human-like Antibody Fragment (ScFv) That Neutralizes Ricin Biological Activity. BMC Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-9-60"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.05.018","article-title":"Development of a Drug Delivery System for Efficient Alveolar Delivery of a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody to Treat Pulmonary Intoxication to Ricin","volume":"234","author":"Respaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsini Delgado, M.L., Avril, A., Prigent, J., Dano, J., Rouaix, A., Worbs, S., Dorner, B.G., Rougeaux, C., Becher, F., and Fenaille, F. (2021). Ricin Antibodies\u2019 Neutralizing Capacity against Different Ricin Isoforms and Cultivars. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020100"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falach, R., Sapoznikov, A., Evgy, Y., Aftalion, M., Makovitzki, A., Agami, A., Mimran, A., Lerer, E., Ben David, A., and Zichel, R. (2020). Post-Exposure Anti-Ricin Treatment Protects Swine Against Lethal Systemic and Pulmonary Exposures. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12060354"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrera, C., Klokk, T.I., Cole, R., Sandvig, K., and Mantis, N.J. (2016). A Bispecific Antibody Promotes Aggregation of Ricin Toxin on Cell Surfaces and Alters Dynamics of Toxin Internalization and Trafficking. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156893"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2019.02.002","article-title":"V Inhibition of Ricin A-Chain (RTA) Catalytic Activity by a Viral Genome-Linked Protein (VPg)","volume":"1867","author":"Aitbakieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-020-0474-4","article-title":"Functional Dissection of the Retrograde Shiga Toxin Trafficking Inhibitor Retro-2","volume":"16","author":"Forrester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.10.005","article-title":"Inhibitors of Retrograde Trafficking Active against Ricin and Shiga Toxins Also Protect Cells from Several Viruses, Leishmania and Chlamydiales","volume":"267","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandvig, K., Kavaliauskiene, S., Myrann, A.G., Iversen, T.G., and Skotland, T. (2022). Modulation of Ricin Intoxication by the Autophagy Inhibitor EACC. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14050360"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6221","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.6221","article-title":"Immunological Characteristics Associated with the Protective Efficacy of Antibodies to Ricin","volume":"172","author":"Maddaloni","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1124202","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Development of Vaccines against Ricin","volume":"12","author":"Brey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510893103","article-title":"A Pilot Clinical Trial of a Recombinant Ricin Vaccine in Normal Humans","volume":"103","author":"Vitetta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00381-12","article-title":"Pilot Phase IB Clinical Trial of an Alhydrogel-Adsorbed Recombinant Ricin Vaccine","volume":"19","author":"Vitetta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00582-x","article-title":"Serum Antibody Profiling Identifies Vaccine-Induced Correlates of Protection against Aerosolized Ricin Toxin in Rhesus Macaques","volume":"7","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.05.005","article-title":"Evaluation of a Ricin Vaccine Candidate (RVEc) for Human Toxicity Using an in Vitro Vascular Leak Assay","volume":"58","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.03.011","article-title":"Improved Formulation of a Recombinant Ricin A-Chain Vaccine Increases Its Stability and Effective Antigenicity","volume":"25","author":"Carra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581810396730","article-title":"Progress in Biological Threat Agent Vaccine Development: A Repeat-Dose Toxicity Study of a Recombinant Ricin Toxin A-Chain (RRTA) 1-33\/44-198 Vaccine (RVEc) in Male and Female New Zealand White Rabbits","volume":"30","author":"McLain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.12.008","article-title":"Development of an O-Pthalaldehyde (OPA) Assay to Measure Protein Content in Ricin Vaccine E. coli (RVEcTM)","volume":"39","author":"Montgomery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.46.1.86-94.1982","article-title":"Bacterial Toxins: A Table of Lethal Amounts","volume":"46","author":"Gill","year":"1982","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408526102","article-title":"Analyzing a Bioterror Attack on the Food Supply: The Case of Botulinum Toxin in Milk","volume":"102","author":"Wein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.53.2.213-230.1947","article-title":"Practical Media and Control Measures for Producing Highly Toxic Cultures of Clostridium Botulinum, Type A","volume":"53","author":"Lewis","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01306.x","article-title":"Production and Purification of Clostridium Botulinum Type C and D Neurotoxin","volume":"24","author":"Gessler","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohrane, T.C. (1947). History of the Chemical Warfare Service in World War II (1 July 1940\u201315 August 1945), Biological Warfare Research in the United States, US Government Printing Office.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADB228585"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Bozheyeva, G., Kunakbayev, Y., and Yeleukenov, D. (1999). Former Soviet Biological Weapons Facilities in Kazakhstan: Past, Present, and Future, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Alibek, K., and Handelman, S. (1999). Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World\u2014Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It, Random House."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"489","article-title":"Botulinum Toxin: Bioweapon & Magic Drug","volume":"132","author":"Dhaked","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunt, J., van Vliet, A.H.M., Carter, A.T., Stringer, S.C., Amar, C., Grant, K.A., Godbole, G., and Peck, M.W. (2020). Diversity of the Genomes and Neurotoxins of Strains of Clostridium Botulinum Group I and Clostridium Sporogenes Associated with Foodborne, Infant and Wound Botulism. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090586"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12969","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin Gene Cluster in Enterococcus","volume":"592","author":"Brunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peck, M.W., Smith, T.J., Anniballi, F., Austin, J.W., Bano, L., Bradshaw, M., Cuervo, P., Cheng, L.W., Derman, Y., and Dorner, B.G. (2017). Historical Perspectives and Guidelines for Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype Nomenclature. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010038"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu211","article-title":"Validity of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype H","volume":"210","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv327","article-title":"A Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin, Previously Reported as Serotype H, Has a Hybrid-Like Structure With Regions of Similarity to the Structures of Serotypes A and F and Is Neutralized With Serotype A Antitoxin","volume":"213","author":"Maslanka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasetti-Escargueil, C., Lemichez, E., and Popoff, M.R. (2020). Human Botulism in France, 1875\u20132016. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050338"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40696-016-0017-4","article-title":"Toxins as Biological Weapons for Terror-Characteristics, Challenges and Medical Countermeasures: A Mini-Review","volume":"2","author":"Berger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disaster Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13446","article-title":"Crystal Structure of the Catalytic Domain of the Weissella oryzae Botulinum-like Toxin","volume":"593","author":"Masuyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zornetta, I., Azarnia Tehran, D., Arrigoni, G., Anniballi, F., Bano, L., Leka, O., Zanotti, G., Binz, T., and Montecucco, C. (2016). The First Non Clostridial Botulinum-like Toxin Cleaves VAMP within the Juxtamembrane Domain. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30257"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14130","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14130","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of a Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1713-1715.2004","article-title":"Dual Toxin-Producing Strain of Clostridium Botulinum Type Bf Isolated from a California Patient with Infant Botulism","volume":"42","author":"Barash","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu331","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Infant Botulism in California and Elsewhere, 1976\u20132010","volume":"210","author":"Dabritz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/2338","article-title":"Crystal Structure of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A and Implications for Toxicity","volume":"5","author":"Lacy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583500003292","article-title":"Structure and Function of Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxins","volume":"28","author":"Montecucco","year":"1995","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.051908.125345","article-title":"Botulinum Neurotoxin: A Marvel of Protein Design","volume":"79","author":"Montal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400796","article-title":"Entering Neurons: Botulinum Toxins and Synaptic Vesicle Recycling","volume":"7","author":"Verderio","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-4257(96)80550-X","article-title":"The Metallo-Proteinase Activity of Tetanus and Botulism Neurotoxins","volume":"89","author":"Rossetto","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Paris"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.40.35","article-title":"A Centennial Review; the 1890 Tetanus Antitoxin Paper of von Behring and Kitasato and the Related Developments","volume":"40","author":"Kantha","year":"1991","journal-title":"Keio J. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051926","article-title":"Human Botulism Immune Globulin for the Treatment of Infant Botulism","volume":"354","author":"Arnon","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C034","article-title":"Management of Botulism","volume":"37","author":"Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.9420","article-title":"Botulinum Neurotoxin Vaccines: Past History and Recent Developments","volume":"5","author":"Rusnak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir550","article-title":"Initial Recovery and Rebound of Type f Intestinal Colonization Botulism after Administration of Investigational Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin","volume":"53","author":"Fagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben David, A., Barnea, A., Torgeman, A., Diamant, E., Dor, E., Schwartz, A., Rosen, O., Caspi, N., Saraf, M., and Lerer, E. (2022). Immunologic and Protective Properties of Subunit- vs. Whole Toxoid-Derived Anti-Botulinum Equine Antitoxin. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091522"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenfeld, R., Alcalay, R., Zvi, A., Ben-David, A., Noy-Porat, T., Chitlaru, T., Epstein, E., Israeli, O., Lazar, S., and Caspi, N. (2022). Centaur Antibodies: Engineered Chimeric Equine-Human Recombinant Antibodies. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.942317"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/gzq111","article-title":"Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies Binding Multiple Serotypes of Botulinum Neurotoxin","volume":"24","author":"Geren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Protein Eng. Des. Sel."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Geren, I.N., Dong, J., Lou, J., Wen, W., Conrad, F., Smith, T.J., Smith, L.A., Ho, M., and Pires-Alves, M. (2015). Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Alpha-Exosite of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype\/A Inhibit Catalytic Activity. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135306"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172229899","article-title":"Potent Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin by Recombinant Oligoclonal Antibody","volume":"99","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazuet, C., Dano, J., Popoff, M.R., Cr\u00e9minon, C., and Volland, H. (2010). Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies and Influence of Their Half-Lives on Therapeutic Activity. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012416"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamant, E., Lachmi, B.-E., Keren, A., Barnea, A., Marcus, H., Cohen, S., David, A.B., and Zichel, R. (2014). Evaluating the Synergistic Neutralizing Effect of Anti-Botulinum Oligoclonal Antibody Preparations. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087089"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0232920","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02329-20","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of NTM-1632, a Novel Mixture of Three Monoclonal Antibodies against Botulinum Toxin B","volume":"65","author":"Guptill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(90)91013-H","article-title":"Multiple Opioid Receptors Mediate the Respiratory Depressant Effects of Fentanyl-like Drugs in the Rat","volume":"21","author":"Yeadon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumura, T., Amatsu, S., Misaki, R., Yutani, M., Du, A., Kohda, T., Fujiyama, K., Ikuta, K., and Fujinaga, Y. (2020). Fully Human Monoclonal Antibodies Effectively Neutralizing Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050302"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"307","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies to Type A, B, E and F Botulinum Neurotoxins","volume":"37","author":"Abbasova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioorg. Khim."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, J., McCann, C., Ofori, K., Hill, J., Baldwin, K., Shoemaker, C.B., Harrison, P., and Tzipori, S. (2012). Sheep Monoclonal Antibodies Prevent Systemic Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin A1. Toxins, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4121565"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay, J.M., Vazquez-Cintron, E., Lam, K.-H., Mukherjee, J., Bedenice, D., Ondeck, C.A., Conroy, M.T., Bodt, S.M.L., Winner, B.M., and Webb, R.P. (2020). Camelid VHH Antibodies That Neutralize Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E Intoxication or Protease Function. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100611"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0173221","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01732-21","article-title":"First-in-Human Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Single Doses of NTM-1633, a Novel Mixture of Monoclonal Antibodies against Botulinum Toxin E","volume":"66","author":"Raja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomic, M.T., Espinoza, Y., Martinez, Z., Pham, K., Cobb, R.R., Snow, D.M., Earnhart, C.G., Pals, T., Syar, E.S., and Niemuth, N. (2019). Monoclonal Antibody Combinations Prevent Serotype A and Serotype B Inhalational Botulism in a Guinea Pig Model. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040208"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snow, D.M., Cobb, R.R., Martinez, J., Finger-Baker, I., Collins, L., Terpening, S., Syar, E.S., Niemuth, N., Kobs, D., and Barnewall, R. (2021). A Monoclonal Antibody Combination against Both Serotypes A and B Botulinum Toxin Prevents Inhalational Botulism in a Guinea Pig Model. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010031"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomic, M.T., Farr-Jones, S., Syar, E.S., Niemuth, N., Kobs, D., Hackett, M.J., Espinoza, Y., Martinez, Z., Pham, K., and Snow, D.M. (2021). Neutralizing Concentrations of Anti-Botulinum Toxin Antibodies Positively Correlate with Mouse Neutralization Assay Results in a Guinea Pig Model. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13090671"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48008-5","article-title":"A Human Bispecific Antibody Neutralizes Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00503.x","article-title":"Characterization of Neutralizing Mouse-Human Chimeric and Shuffling Antibodies against Botulinum Neurotoxin A","volume":"56","author":"Mukamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21540","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002492R","article-title":"Characterization of a Highly Neutralizing Single Monoclonal Antibody to Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A","volume":"35","author":"Brier","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.9.3743-3752.1997","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Murine Humoral Immune Response to Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Binding Domain as Assessed by Using Phage Antibody Libraries","volume":"65","author":"Amersdorfer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00482-0","article-title":"Genetic and Immunological Comparison of Anti-Botulinum Type A Antibodies from Immune and Non-Immune Human Phage Libraries","volume":"20","author":"Amersdorfer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057109343206","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibodies of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A Screened from a Fully Synthetic Human Antibody Phage Display Library","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Screen."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.2c00574","article-title":"Yeast Display Enables Identification of Covalent Single-Domain Antibodies against Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain A","volume":"17","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv770","article-title":"Immunological Characterization and Neutralizing Ability of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type H","volume":"213","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Lou, J., Tam, C.C., Wen, W., Conrad, F., Leal da Silva Alves, P., Cheng, L.W., Garcia-Rodriguez, C., Farr-Jones, S., and Marks, J.D. (2023). A Three-Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes BoNT\/G Toxin in Mice. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15050316"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Lee, D., Obi, C.R., Freeberg, J.K., Farr-Jones, S., and Tomic, M.T. (2018). An Ambient Temperature-Stable Antitoxin of Nine Co-Formulated Antibodies for Botulism Caused by Serotypes A, B and E. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197011"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Rodriguez, C., Razai, A., Geren, I.N., Lou, J., Conrad, F., Wen, W.-H., Farr-Jones, S., Smith, T.J., Brown, J.L., and Skerry, J.C. (2018). A Three Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes Multiple Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E Subtypes. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10030105"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02830-14","article-title":"Safety and Pharmacokinetics of XOMA 3AB, a Novel Mixture of Three Monoclonal Antibodies against Botulinum Toxin A","volume":"58","author":"Nayak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasetti-Escargueil, C., Avril, A., Miethe, S., Mazuet, C., Derman, Y., Selby, K., Thullier, P., Pelat, T., Urbain, R., and Fontayne, A. (2017). The European AntibotABE Framework Program and Its Update: Development of Innovative Botulinum Antibodies. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9100309"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.8.1906-1908.1989","article-title":"Evaluation of Neutralizing Antibodies to Type A, B, E, and F Botulinum Toxins in Sera from Human Recipients of Botulinum Pentavalent (ABCDE) Toxoid","volume":"27","author":"Siegel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.90.5.697","article-title":"Studies on Immunity to Toxins of Clostridium Botulinum. Ix. Immunologic Response of Man to Purified Pentavalent Abcde Botulinum Toxiod","volume":"90","author":"Fiock","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00117-08","article-title":"Characterization of New Formalin-Detoxified Botulinum Neurotoxin Toxoids","volume":"15","author":"Keller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2012.03.004","article-title":"New Equine Antitoxins to Botulinum Neurotoxins Serotypes A and B","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2023.063","article-title":"Standardization of the Japanese National Standard, Equine Botulinum Antitoxin Type A, and Factors Affecting Standardization","volume":"77","author":"Yutani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-013-9669-1","article-title":"In Vivo Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxins Serotype E with Heavy-Chain Camelid Antibodies (VHH)","volume":"55","author":"Bakherad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16010202","article-title":"Small Molecule Inhibitors as Countermeasures for Botulinum Neurotoxin Intoxication","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azarnia Tehran, D., Zanetti, G., Leka, O., Lista, F., Fillo, S., Binz, T., Shone, C.C., Rossetto, O., Montecucco, C., and Paradisi, C. (2015). A Novel Inhibitor Prevents the Peripheral Neuroparalysis of Botulinum Neurotoxins. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17513"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.01.012","article-title":"3,4-Diaminopyridine Reverses Paralysis in Botulinum Neurotoxin-Intoxicated Diaphragms through Two Functionally Distinct Mechanisms","volume":"341","author":"Bradford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd7789","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd7789","article-title":"Neuronal Delivery of Antibodies Has Therapeutic Effects in Animal Models of Botulism","volume":"13","author":"McNutt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00487-4","article-title":"Antidotal Treatment of Botulism in Rats by Continuous Infusion with 3,4-Diaminopyridine","volume":"28","author":"Machamer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203878","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2023.2203878","article-title":"A Novel RRGW Derived Peptide Is a Promising Inhibitor of BoNT\/A","volume":"38","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000921280.56648.da","article-title":"Botulinum Neurotoxin: A Therapeutic Powerhouse with Broad Clinical Implications","volume":"36","author":"Aldridge","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32378","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032378","article-title":"Botulinum Neurotoxins: Future Innovations","volume":"102","author":"Dolly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.08.059","article-title":"Botulism and Vaccines for Its Prevention","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonfria, E., Maignel, J., Lezmi, S., Martin, V., Splevins, A., Shubber, S., Kalinichev, M., Foster, K., Picaut, P., and Krupp, J. (2018). The Expanding Therapeutic Utility of Botulinum Neurotoxins. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10050208"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32403","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032403","article-title":"Treatment of Cervical Dystonia with Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA): Development, Insights, and Impact","volume":"102","author":"Jankovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02494-5","article-title":"Botulinum Toxin Therapy: Past, Present and Future Developments","volume":"129","author":"Dressler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.01.027","article-title":"Facing Depression with Botulinum Toxin: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"46","author":"Wollmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.064","article-title":"Enhancing Toxin-Based Vaccines Against Botulism","volume":"36","author":"Przedpelski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01269-08","article-title":"Generation of High-Titer Neutralizing Antibodies against Botulinum Toxins A, B, and E by DNA Electrotransfer","volume":"77","author":"Trollet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1066051","article-title":"DNA Vaccines Targeting Heavy Chain C-Terminal Fragments of Clostridium Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes A, B, and E Induce Potent Humoral and Cellular Immunity and Provide Protection from Lethal Toxin Challenge","volume":"11","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.360","article-title":"Clinical Study of New Tetravalent (Type A, B, E, and F) Botulinum Toxoid Vaccine Derived from M Toxin in Japan","volume":"70","author":"Torii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1405201","article-title":"A Mutated Recombinant Subunit Vaccine Protects Mice and Guinea Pigs against Botulinum Type A Intoxication","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12796-7","article-title":"Tetanus Toxin and Botulinum Neurotoxin-Derived Fusion Molecules Are Effective Bivalent Vaccines","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.171974","article-title":"Trends of Human Plague, Madagascar, 1998\u20132016","volume":"25","author":"Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.131828","article-title":"Pneumonic Plague Outbreak, Northern Madagascar, 2011","volume":"21","author":"Richard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrenz, M.B. (2010). Model Systems to Study Plague Pathogenesis and Develop New Therapeutics. Front. Microbiol., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2010.00119"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.140564","article-title":"Epidemiology of Human Plague in the United States, 1900\u20132012","volume":"21","author":"Kugeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"Dillard, R.L., and Juergens, A.L. (2024). Plague. 7 August 2023. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1086\/428617","article-title":"Risk of Person-to-Person Transmission of Pneumonic Plague","volume":"40","author":"Kool","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7003a1","article-title":"Contributors Antimicrobial Treatment and Prophylaxis of Plague: Recommendations for Naturally Acquired Infections and Bioterrorism Response","volume":"70","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04550-9","article-title":"Analysis of 3800-Year-Old Yersinia pestis Genomes Suggests Bronze Age Origin for Bubonic Plague","volume":"9","author":"Spyrou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.10.025","article-title":"The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia","volume":"27","author":"Mittnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109278","article-title":"A 5,000-Year-Old Hunter-Gatherer Already Plagued by Yersinia pestis","volume":"35","author":"Susat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/35097083","article-title":"Genome Sequence of Yersinia pestis, the Causative Agent of Plague","volume":"413","author":"Parkhill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13826","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404012101","article-title":"Insights into the Evolution of Yersinia pestis through Whole-Genome Comparison with Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis","volume":"101","author":"Chain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35","article-title":"Yersinia pestis\u2014Etiologic Agent of Plague","volume":"10","author":"Perry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-019-0065-0","article-title":"Yersinia pestis and Plague: An Updated View on Evolution, Virulence Determinants, Immune Subversion, Vaccination, and Diagnostics","volume":"20","author":"Demeure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes. Immun."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.04.393","article-title":"Plague: Bridging Gaps towards Better Disease Control","volume":"48","author":"Brouat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12270-2","article-title":"Development and Testing of a Rapid Diagnostic Test for Bubonic and Pneumonic Plague","volume":"361","author":"Chanteau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2020.101670","article-title":"Development of a Pair of Real-Time Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays for Detection of Yersinia pestis, the Causative Agent of Plague","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00435-14","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00435-14","article-title":"Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ST42 (O:1) Strain Misidentified as Yersinia pestis by Mass Spectrometry Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Blouin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergueev, K.V., He, Y., Borschel, R.H., Nikolich, M.P., and Filippov, A.A. (2010). Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Yersinia pestis Using Amplification of Plague Diagnostic Bacteriophages Monitored by Real-Time PCR. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011337"},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"640","article-title":"Current Trends in Cancer Incidence in Greenland","volume":"47","author":"Nielsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arctic Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Hemodynamic Changes in Prone Position","volume":"37","author":"Hirakawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Masui"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Ren, J., Zhang, J., Song, X., Liu, S., Chi, X., Chen, Y., Wen, Z., Li, J., and Chen, W. (2017). Identification and Characterization of a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody That Provides Complete Protection against Yersinia pestis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177012"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Zhu, Z., Dankmeyer, J.L., Wormald, M.M., Fast, R.L., Worsham, P.L., Cote, C.K., Amemiya, K., and Dimitrov, D.S. (2010). Human Anti-Plague Monoclonal Antibodies Protect Mice from Yersinia pestis in a Bubonic Plague Model. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013047"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ltab020","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltab020","article-title":"Potential Human Immunotherapeutics for Plague","volume":"1","author":"Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunother. Adv."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2021.0288","article-title":"Yersinia pestis Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46697-0","article-title":"Treatment of Plague: Promising Alternatives to Antibiotics","volume":"55","author":"Anisimov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab606","article-title":"Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistant Yersinia pestis During a Pneumonic Plague Outbreak","volume":"74","author":"Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709043371004","article-title":"Multidrug Resistance in Yersinia pestis Mediated by a Transferable Plasmid","volume":"337","author":"Galimand","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0701.010106","article-title":"Transferable Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Streptomycin in a Clinical Isolate of Yersinia pestis","volume":"7","author":"Guiyoule","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.015","article-title":"Plasmid-Mediated Doxycycline Resistance in a Yersinia pestis Strain Isolated from a Rat","volume":"51","author":"Cabanel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, R., He, J., Zha, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Gao, H., Yang, X., Li, J., Xin, Y., and Wang, Y. (2021). A Novel Mechanism of Streptomycin Resistance in Yersinia pestis: Mutation in the RpsL Gene. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009324"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0748","article-title":"Phenotypical Characterization of Mongolian Yersinia pestis Strains","volume":"12","author":"Kiefer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebbane, F., and Lema\u00eetre, N. (2021). Antibiotic Therapy of Plague: A Review. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050724"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000209","article-title":"Novel Engineered Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides Display Broad-Spectrum Activity against Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis and Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"65","author":"Abdelbaqi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Song, X., Zhai, L., Guo, J., Zheng, X., Zhang, L., Lv, M., Hu, L., Zhou, D., and Xiong, X. (2022). Complete Protection Against Yersinia pestis in BALB\/c Mouse Model Elicited by Immunization With Inhalable Formulations of RF1-V10 Fusion Protein via Aerosolized Intratracheal Inoculation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.793382"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.119","article-title":"Prevention of Pneumonic Plague in Mice, Rats, Guinea Pigs and Non-Human Primates with Clinical Grade RV10, RV10-2 or F1-V Vaccines","volume":"29","author":"Quenee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.8.3021-3029.1995","article-title":"Suppression of Cytokines in Mice by Protein A-V Antigen Fusion Peptide and Restoration of Synthesis by Active Immunization","volume":"63","author":"Nakajima","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)80110-2","article-title":"Protection against Experimental Bubonic and Pneumonic Plague by a Recombinant Capsular F1-V Antigen Fusion Protein Vaccine","volume":"16","author":"Heath","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biryukov, S., Dankmeyer, J.L., Shamsuddin, Z., Velez, I., Rill, N.O., Rosario-Acevedo, R., Klimko, C.P., Shoe, J.L., Hunter, M., and Ward, M.D. (2021). Impact of Toll-Like Receptor-Specific Agonists on the Host Immune Response to the Yersinia pestis Plague RF1V Vaccine. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.726416"},{"key":"ref_215","unstructured":"Chung, W.K. (2024, December 05). Efforts on the Plague Rf1v Vaccine since 2018. Dynavax Communication JPEO-CBRND. Available online: https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/r-d-blueprint-meetings\/global-consultation-on-plague-vaccines\/2_wai-chung_20231012-who-meeting-rf1v-vaccine-dod_dvax-final.pdf?sfvrsn=c07e8548_3."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.06.039","article-title":"Dual Route Vaccination for Plague with Emergency Use Applications","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2015-7-1-102-108","article-title":"Selective Protective Potency of Yersinia pestis \u0394nlpD Mutants","volume":"7","author":"Dentovskaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg1036","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg1036","article-title":"A Single-Dose F1-Based MRNA-LNP Vaccine Provides Protection against the Lethal Plague Bacterium","volume":"9","author":"Kon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derbise, A., Hanada, Y., Khalif\u00e9, M., Carniel, E., and Demeure, C.E. (2015). Complete Protection against Pneumonic and Bubonic Plague after a Single Oral Vaccination. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004162"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00028-09","article-title":"Working toward the Future: Insights into Francisella tularensis Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development","volume":"73","author":"Pechous","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/139242","article-title":"Tularaemia\u2014A Diagnostic Challenge","volume":"29","author":"Wawszczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00088903","article-title":"Tularaemia","volume":"21","author":"Berglund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1935.00160190064007","article-title":"TULAREMIA","volume":"55","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"1935","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/000653-0","article-title":"Francisella tularensis: Unravelling the Secrets of an Intracellular Pathogen","volume":"57","author":"Oyston","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198507000-00006","article-title":"Tularemia: A 30-Year Experience with 88 Cases","volume":"64","author":"Evans","year":"1985","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.21.2763","article-title":"Tularemia as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management","volume":"285","author":"Dennis","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_227","first-page":"114","article-title":"Tularemia: A Perusal of Three Hundred Thirty-Nine Cases","volume":"115","author":"Dienst","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. La State Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274638","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2274638","article-title":"Pathogenicity and Virulence of Francisella tularensis","volume":"14","author":"Degabriel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/93.6.1930","article-title":"Genotyping of Francisella tularensis, the Causative Agent of Tularemia","volume":"93","author":"Johansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1499","article-title":"The Complete Genome Sequence of Francisella tularensis, the Causative Agent of Tularemia","volume":"37","author":"Larsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-020-00827-z","article-title":"Tularemia: A Re-Emerging Tick-Borne Infectious Disease","volume":"66","author":"Yeni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"ref_232","first-page":"15","article-title":"Collaboration Is Considered One of the Central Tenets of Quality Improvement Philosophies","volume":"6","author":"Schroeder","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Care Qual."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5548","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5548","article-title":"Utilization of Fc Receptors as a Mucosal Vaccine Strategy against an Intracellular Bacterium, Francisella tularensis","volume":"180","author":"Rawool","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00362-08","article-title":"Francisella tularensis Infection-Derived Monoclonal Antibodies Provide Detection, Protection, and Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Savitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boisset, S., Caspar, Y., Sutera, V., and Maurin, M. (2014). New Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Tularaemia: A Review. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00040"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)93311-V","article-title":"Adjuvanticity of ISCOMs Incorporating a T Cell-Reactive Lipoprotein of the Facultative Intracellular Pathogen Francisella tularensis","volume":"13","author":"Golovliov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01241-06","article-title":"The Immunologically Distinct O Antigens from Francisella tularensis Subspecies Tularensis and Francisella novicida Are Both Virulence Determinants and Protective Antigens","volume":"75","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05184-0","article-title":"Characterization of the O Antigen Gene Cluster and Structural Analysis of the O Antigen of Francisella tularensis Subsp. Tularensis","volume":"52","author":"Prior","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apicella, M.A., Post, D.M.B., Fowler, A.C., Jones, B.D., Rasmussen, J.A., Hunt, J.R., Imagawa, S., Choudhury, B., Inzana, T.J., and Maier, T.M. (2010). Identification, Characterization and Immunogenicity of an O-Antigen Capsular Polysaccharide of Francisella tularensis. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011060"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00345-6","article-title":"Mice Vaccinated with the O-Antigen of Francisella tularensis LVS Lipopolysaccharide Conjugated to Bovine Serum Albumin Develop Varying Degrees of Protective Immunity against Systemic or Aerosol Challenge with Virulent Type A and Type B Strains of the Pathogen","volume":"20","author":"Conlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2010.01.003","article-title":"Identification of ciprofloxacin resistance by SimpleProbe\u2122, High Resolution Melt and Pyrosequencing\u2122 nucleic acid analysis in biothreat agents: Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis","volume":"24","author":"Loveless","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt321","article-title":"Evolution toward High-Level Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Francisella Species","volume":"69","author":"Sutera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biot, F.V., Bachert, B.A., Mlynek, K.D., Toothman, R.G., Koroleva, G.I., Lovett, S.P., Klimko, C.P., Palacios, G.F., Cote, C.K., and Ladner, J.T. (2020). Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in Surrogates of Francisella tularensis (LVS and Francisella novicida): Effects on Biofilm Formation and Fitness. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.593542"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05305-11","article-title":"The Class A \u03b2-Lactamase FTU-1 Is Native to Francisella tularensis","volume":"56","author":"Antunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.12.3428-3431.2000","article-title":"Bactericidal Activities of Antibiotics against Intracellular Francisella tularensis","volume":"44","author":"Maurin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx182","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility in Vitro of Francisella tularensis Subsp. holarctica Isolates from Germany","volume":"72","author":"Tomaso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.07.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Austrian Francisella tularensis Holarctica Biovar II Strains","volume":"26","author":"Tomaso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7574","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.11.7574","article-title":"Administration of a Synthetic TLR4 Agonist Protects Mice from Pneumonic Tularemia","volume":"180","author":"Lembo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00736-09","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 3 Agonist Protection against Experimental Francisella tularensis Respiratory Tract Infection","volume":"78","author":"Pyles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.22","article-title":"Tularemia Vaccines: Recent Developments and Remaining Hurdles","volume":"6","author":"Conlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.87.4.415","article-title":"Prophylactic Effectiveness of Live and Killed Tularemia Vaccines. I. Production of Vaccine and Evaluation in the White Mouse and Guinea Pig","volume":"87","author":"Eigelsbach","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1961.03620050055006","article-title":"Tularemia Vaccine Study. I. Intracutaneous Challenge","volume":"107","author":"Saslaw","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/VDT.S85545","article-title":"Tularemia Vaccine Development: Paralysis or Progress?","volume":"6","author":"Sunagar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.08.075","article-title":"Grey Variants of the Live Vaccine Strain of Francisella tularensis Lack Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen, Show Reduced Ability to Survive in Macrophages and Do Not Induce Protective Immunity in Mice","volume":"24","author":"Hartley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.024","article-title":"Tularemia Vaccine: Safety, Reactogenicity, \u201cTake\u201d Skin Reactions, and Antibody Responses Following Vaccination with a New Lot of the Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain\u2014A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"35","author":"Mulligan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1128\/am.17.3.355-359.1969","article-title":"Effect of Vaccine, Route, and Schedule on Antibody Response of Rabbits to Pasteurella Tularensis","volume":"17","author":"Nutter","year":"1969","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01606-06","article-title":"Inactivated Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain Protects against Respiratory Tularemia by Intranasal Vaccination in an Immunoglobulin A-Dependent Fashion","volume":"75","author":"Baron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737620","article-title":"Immunization with Heat-Killed Francisella tularensis LVS Elicits Protective Antibody-Mediated Immunity","volume":"37","author":"Lavine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2013.2.1.34","article-title":"Current Status of Vaccine Development for Tularemia Preparedness","volume":"2","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100915","article-title":"Circulating T Cells Are Not Sufficient for Protective Immunity against Virulent Francisella tularensis","volume":"208","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.030846","article-title":"Dengue Emergence and Adaptation to Peridomestic Mosquitoes","volume":"10","author":"Moncayo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303395110","article-title":"Host and Viral Features of Human Dengue Cases Shape the Population of Infected and Infectious Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes","volume":"110","author":"Nguyet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1133","article-title":"A Lethal Disease Model for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome","volume":"289","author":"Hooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.11.006","article-title":"Viral Hemorrhagic Fever in the Tropics: Report from the Task Force on Tropical Diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"42","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cieslak, T.J., Herstein, J.J., Kortepeter, M.G., and Hewlett, A.L. (2019). A Methodology for Determining Which Diseases Warrant Care in a High-Level Containment Care Unit. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090773"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhadi, D., El Baied, M., Mulier, G., Malvy, D., Mentr\u00e9, F., and Laou\u00e9nan, C. (2022). The Number of Cases, Mortality and Treatments of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010889"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PREVAIL II Writing Group, Multi-National PREVAIL II Study Team, Davey, R.T., Dodd, L., Proschan, M.A., Neaton, J., Neuhaus Nordwall, J., Koopmeiners, J.S., Beigel, J., and Tierney, J. (2016). A Randomized, Controlled Trial of ZMapp for Ebola Virus Infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 375, 1448\u20131456.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1604330"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.08.005","article-title":"Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention","volume":"33","author":"Nicastri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01452-3","article-title":"REGN-EB3: First Approval","volume":"81","author":"Markham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S612","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy285","article-title":"Development of Clinical-Stage Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Treat Advanced Ebola Virus Disease in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"218","author":"Pascal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30036-4","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Immunogenicity of the Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody MAb114 Targeting Ebola Virus Glycoprotein (VRC 608): An Open-Label Phase 1 Study","volume":"393","author":"Gaudinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5224","article-title":"Protective Monotherapy against Lethal Ebola Virus Infection by a Potently Neutralizing Antibody","volume":"351","author":"Corti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e683","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00123-9","article-title":"Effects of Therapies for Ebola Virus Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, A.P., Duvignaud, A., Jaspard, M., Malvy, D., Carroll, M., Tarning, J., Olliaro, P.L., and Horby, P.W. (2022). Ribavirin for Treating Lassa Fever: A Systematic Review of Pre-Clinical Studies and Implications for Human Dosing. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010289"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1901594","article-title":"Ebola","volume":"382","author":"Feldmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0111721","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01117-21","article-title":"Why Remdesivir Failed: Preclinical Assumptions Overestimate the Clinical Efficacy of Remdesivir for COVID-19 and Ebola","volume":"65","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0039721","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00397-21","article-title":"Second-Generation Live-Attenuated Candid#1 Vaccine Virus Resists Reversion and Protects against Lethal Jun\u00edn Virus Infection in Guinea Pigs","volume":"95","author":"Gowen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, T., Reyna, R.A., Taniguchi, S., Littlefield, K., Paessler, S., and Maruyama, J. (2023). Vaccine Candidates against Arenavirus Infections. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030635"},{"key":"ref_279","unstructured":"Centers For Disease Control and Prevention History of Smallpox, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/smallpox\/about\/history.html."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, H., Ehmann, R., and Smith, G.L. (2020). Smallpox in the Post-Eradication Era. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020138"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pajer, P., Dresler, J., Kab\u00edckova, H., P\u00edsa, L., Aganov, P., Fucik, K., Elleder, D., Hron, T., Kuzelka, V., and Velem\u00ednsky, P. (2017). Characterization of Two Historic Smallpox Specimens from a Czech Museum. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9080200"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.41.851","article-title":"Parton Branching Model for Pp-Bar Collisions","volume":"41","author":"Chan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D Part. Fields"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.049","article-title":"Cross-Neutralizing and Protective Human Antibody Specificities to Poxvirus Infections","volume":"167","author":"Gilchuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13139","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.13139-13149.2005","article-title":"An Orally Bioavailable Antipoxvirus Compound (ST-246) Inhibits Extracellular Virus Formation and Protects Mice from Lethal Orthopoxvirus Challenge","volume":"79","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00021-09","article-title":"Nonhuman Primates Are Protected from Smallpox Virus or Monkeypox Virus Challenges by the Antiviral Drug ST-246","volume":"53","author":"Huggins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2912.231146","article-title":"Tecovirimat Resistance in Mpox Patients, United States, 2022\u20132023","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0658-0","article-title":"Side-Effects of Cidofovir in the Treatment of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis","volume":"265","author":"Broekema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280231151751","article-title":"Brincidofovir: A Novel Agent for the Treatment of Smallpox","volume":"57","author":"Huston","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001227","article-title":"Brincidofovir (CMX001) Toxicity Associated with Epithelial Apoptosis and Crypt Drop Out in a Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Patient: Challenges in Distinguishing Drug Toxicity from GVHD","volume":"40","author":"Detweiler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., and Mahendra Raj, S. (2019). Efficacy of Three Key Antiviral Drugs Used to Treat Orthopoxvirus Infections: A Systematic Review. Glob. Biosecurity, 1.","DOI":"10.31646\/gbio.12"},{"key":"ref_291","first-page":"1500","article-title":"Advances in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Jeziorski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pol. Tyg. Lek."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1457","article-title":"Quantification of Antibody Responses against Multiple Antigens of the Two Infectious Forms of Vaccinia Virus Provides a Benchmark for Smallpox Vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Midgley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1086\/595565","article-title":"Postexposure Immunization with Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara or Conventional Lister Vaccine Provides Solid Protection in a Murine Model of Human Smallpox","volume":"199","author":"Paran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00075-5","article-title":"Safety of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) in Immune-Suppressed Macaques","volume":"19","author":"Stittelaar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01432-5","article-title":"Monkeypox Virus Quadrivalent MRNA Vaccine Induces Immune Response and Protects against Vaccinia Virus","volume":"8","author":"Sang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/12\/2622\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:54:37Z","timestamp":1760115277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/12\/2622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":295,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12122622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12122622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]}}}