{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:02:21Z","timestamp":1791918141794,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Atomic Energy Technical Cooperation Projects BOT5016 and BOT5018","award":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"]}]},{"name":"International Atomic Energy Technical Cooperation Projects BOT5016 and BOT5018","award":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"]}]},{"name":"IAEA Peaceful Uses Initiative Project","award":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"]}]},{"name":"IAEA Peaceful Uses Initiative Project","award":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"]}]},{"name":"Government of Japan and the United States of America","award":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"]}]},{"name":"Government of Japan and the United States of America","award":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"]}]},{"name":"IAEA Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action (ZODIAC) initiative","award":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"]}]},{"name":"IAEA Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action (ZODIAC) initiative","award":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"]}]},{"name":"Botswana Government through the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"]}]},{"name":"Botswana Government through the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"]}]},{"name":"IAEA","award":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS-BOT5016-1901549"]}]},{"name":"IAEA","award":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EVT1908021-0001-BOT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abortion is one of the major causes of economic losses in livestock production worldwide. Because several factors can lead to abortion in cattle, sheep and goats, laboratory diagnosis, including the molecular detection of pathogens causing abortion, is often necessary. Bacterial zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis, coxiellosis, leptospirosis, and listeriosis have been implicated in livestock abortion, but they are under diagnosed and under-reported in most developing countries, including Botswana. This study applied a recently developed multiplex high-resolution melting analysis technique, coupled with singleplex qPCR assays, to investigate abortions in livestock in Botswana, using 152 samples from cattle, sheep, and goat abortion cases. Brucella spp. were the most frequent pathogen detected, with an overall frequency of 21.1%, followed by Coxiella burnetii with 19.1%. Listeria monocytogenes and Leptospira spp. were not detected in any of specimens samples investigated. Mixed infections with Brucella spp. and C. burnetii were observed in 35% specimes examined. There was a good agreement between the multiplex qPCR-HRM and singleplex qPCR for detecting Brucella spp. and C. burnetii. This study is the first report on the syndromic testing of abortion-causing pathogens in Botswana. It shows the importance of molecular methods in the differential diagnosis of abortion-causing diseases in domestic ruminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T06:44:33Z","timestamp":1734677073000},"page":"2644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Testing of Zoonotic Bacteria in Cattle, Sheep, and Goat Abortion Cases in Botswana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boitumelo M.","family":"Modise-Tlotleng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0147-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sununguko W.","family":"Mpoloka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9090-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirumala B. K.","family":"Settypalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Hyera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tebogo","family":"Kgotlele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kago","family":"Kumile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mosarwa E.","family":"Sechele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obuile O.","family":"Raboloko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandapiwa","family":"Marobela-Raborokgwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit J.","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cattoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles E.","family":"Lamien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/03031853.2002.9523601","article-title":"Factors Affecting the productivity of communal and private livestock farmers in Southern Botswana: A descriptive analysis of sample survey results","volume":"41","author":"Mahabile","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agrekon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/03031853.2005.9523704","article-title":"Anempirical analysis of factors affecting the productivity of livestock in Southern Botswana","volume":"44","author":"Mahabile","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agrekon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-7136-3-18","article-title":"Caught in a sandstorm: An assessment of pressures on communal pastoral livelihoods in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana","volume":"3","author":"Mosalagae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pastor. 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