{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:05:56Z","timestamp":1777089956061,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>White coats, traditionally symbols of physicians\u2019 hygiene and professionalism, are now scrutinized for potential infection risks during patient interactions. This review investigates whether wearing white coats is linked to microbial contamination, infection transmission, and patient expectations. An umbrella review of peer-reviewed studies and guidelines was conducted, with searches in PubMed\/Medline and Scopus using terms related to medical attire, infection control, patient perceptions, and discrimination. Ten records were included, and a bibliometric analysis was performed with VOS Viewer. Bias appraisal was conducted using the JBI Bias Assessment Toolset, and a SWOT analysis was developed to support evidence-based decision-making. Findings indicate that white coats may harbor pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods, and MRSA. To mitigate contamination risks, it is recommended that physicians roll up coat sleeves during examinations and that the coats receive daily laundering in healthcare settings. However, evidence supporting a coatless policy is yet to be published. Patients tend to expect physicians to wear identifiable attire, like white coats or scrubs for surgeons. Recent research in this field shifts the focus from infection control to the impact of attire on patient trust and physician\u2013patient relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T05:58:27Z","timestamp":1734933507000},"page":"2659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["White Coats at a Crossroads: Hygiene, Infection Risk, and Patient Trust in Healthcare Attire\u2014An Umbrella Review with Quantitative Synthesis and Stress, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Tsagkaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Children\u2019s University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Rueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Children\u2019s University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0601-9987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel B.","family":"Tschudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Children\u2019s University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Dreher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Children\u2019s University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2007.9.4.mhst1-0704","article-title":"The Doctor\u2019s White Coat\u2014An Historical Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Hochberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"AMA J. 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