{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T02:39:22Z","timestamp":1793759962644,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (AFHSB-GEIS), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA","award":["P0081_18_AF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0081_18_AF"]}]},{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (AFHSB-GEIS), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA","award":["P0108_19_AF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0108_19_AF"]}]},{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (AFHSB-GEIS), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA","award":["P0128_20_AF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0128_20_AF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis, a global zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira spp., presents high morbidity and mortality risks, especially in tropical regions like Thailand. Military personnel deployed in endemic areas, such as during the Cobra Gold Joint exercise, face heightened exposure. This study assessed Leptospira\u2019s prevalence in rodents and environmental reservoirs at military training sites from 2017 to 2022. A surveillance program was conducted at Engineering Civil Assistance Program (ENCAP) training sites using real-time PCR, dark-field microscopy, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to detect Leptospira in rodents and environmental samples. Results showed a 1.3% infection rate in rodents (15 of 1161), while Leptospira was detected in 10.2% of water samples (42 of 413) and 23.1% of soil samples (30 of 130). Diverse Leptospira interrogans strains circulated among rodents, and three groups of naturally circulating Leptospira strains were detected in environmental reservoirs. These findings underscore Leptospira\u2019s survival and transmission potential within exercise sites, informing Force Health Protection (FHP) decisions. By integrating pre-exercise data on primary hosts and environmental reservoirs with historical local outbreak records and research on risk factors, this study identifies key areas for public health intervention and potential mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T04:30:58Z","timestamp":1735273858000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Leptospirosis Risk Assessment in Rodent Populations and Environmental Reservoirs in Humanitarian Aid Settings in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4228-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panadda","family":"Krairojananan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasima","family":"Wasuworawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surachai","family":"Leepitakrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taweesak","family":"Monkanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W.","family":"Wanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Branch, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silas A.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"18th MEDCOM, Fort Shafter, Honolulu, HI 96858, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty K.","family":"Poole-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Department Student Detachment, San Antonio, TX 78288, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick W.","family":"McCardle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Centers for Public Health-Aberdeen, DHA Public Health, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD 21010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2186-6391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica J.","family":"Lindroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, F., Hagan, J.E., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Torgerson, P., Martinez-Silveira, M.S., Stein, C., Abela-Ridder, B., and Ko, A.I. 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