{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:37:19Z","timestamp":1778319439189,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DGAPA PAPIIT UNAM","award":["IN221121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN221121"]}]},{"name":"DGAPA PAPIIT UNAM","award":["IN212125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN212125"]}]},{"name":"DGAPA PAPIIT UNAM","award":["CBF2023-2024-117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBF2023-2024-117"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN221121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN221121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN212125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN212125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBF2023-2024-117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBF2023-2024-117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The primary mode of transmission for Chagas disease is vector-borne transmission, spread by hematophagous insects of the Triatominae subfamily. In Mexico, the triatomine Meccus pallidipennis is particularly significant in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. This study focused on analyzing protein expression and modifications by glycosylation in different regions of the digestive tract of fifth-instar nymphs of M. pallidipennis. Two gut sections were dissected and extracted: the anterior midgut (AMG) and the proctodeum or rectum (RE). Proteins were extracted from each tissue sample and profiled by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis; protein glycosylation was analyzed by lectin affinity. Our results showed significant differences in protein expression and glycosylation between both gut regions, with modifications being more frequent in the RE. The proteins HSP70, actin, and tubulin were analyzed, finding a differential expression of the latter two between AMG and RE. Understanding glycosylation patterns provides critical insights into vector\u2013pathogen interactions that could eventually inform novel control approaches. Furthermore, the potential use of lectins as insecticidal agents highlights the broader implications of glycoprotein research in the future development of strategies on vector control to disrupt T. cruzi transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T13:37:51Z","timestamp":1735738671000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Glycosylation Patterns in Meccus (Triatoma) pallidipennis Gut: Implications for the Development of Vector Control Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elia","family":"Torres-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4731-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frida Noelly","family":"Candelas-Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia Alicia","family":"Reynoso-Ducoing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6883-8000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berenice","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9414-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro Omar","family":"Vences-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8639-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Cabrera-Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha Irene","family":"Bucio-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paz Mar\u00eda Silvia","family":"Salazar-Schettino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, April 12). WHO Neglected Tropical Diseases\u2014Global. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/neglected-tropical-diseases."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, March 16). WHO Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/chagas-disease."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnal, A., Waleckx, E., Rico-Ch\u00e1vez, O., Herrera, C., and Dumonteil, E. (2019). Estimating the Current Burden of Chagas Disease in Mexico: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Surveys from 2006 to 2017. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006859"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"63","article-title":"Tres Especies de Triatominos y Su Importancia Como Vectores de Trypanosoma Cruzi En M\u00e9xico","volume":"65","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Alcantara, S.A. (2016). Prevalencia de Trypanosoma Cruzi en Triatoma Pallidipennis en tres Jurisdicciones Sanitarias del sur del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico. para Obtener el t\u00edtulo de Bi\u00f3logo."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noireau, F., and Dujardin, J.-P. (2010). Biology of Triatominae. American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease (First Edition) One Hundred Years of Research, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384876-5.00007-1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.36610\/j.jsars.2010.100100057x","article-title":"Revisi\u00f3n de 13 especies de la familia Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas, en M\u00e9xico","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Selva Andina Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.3.233","article-title":"Importance of Triatoma Pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) as a Vector of Trypanosoma Cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the State of Morelos, Mexico, and Possible Ecotopes","volume":"36","author":"Bautista","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"31","article-title":"Triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas 1909, in the State of Guerrero, Mexico","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e3812515","article-title":"Incremento de Incidencia Intradomiciliar de Triatominos y Prevalencia de Trypanosoma Cruzi En El Centro de M\u00e9xico","volume":"38","year":"2022","journal-title":"AZM"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2012.00255.x","article-title":"Bionomics of Populations of Meccus Pallidipennis (St\u00e5l), 1872 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Mexico","volume":"37","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01724-5","article-title":"The Development of Trypanosoma Cruzi in Triatominae","volume":"16","author":"Kollien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201400472","article-title":"Protein 2DE Reference Map of the Anterior Midgut of the Blood-Sucking Bug Rhodnius Prolixus","volume":"15","author":"Vieira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteom."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouali, R., Vieira, L.R., Salmon, D., and Bousbata, S. (2021). Early Post-Prandial Regulation of Protein Expression in the Midgut of Chagas Disease Vector Rhodnius Prolixus Highlights New Potential Targets for Vector Control Strategy. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040804"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouali, R., Valentim de Brito, K.C., Salmon, D., and Bousbata, S. (2020). High-Throughput Identification of the Rhodnius Prolixus Midgut Proteome Unravels a Sophisticated Hematophagic Machinery. Proteomes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes8030016"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehlhorn, H. (2011). Interactions of Trypanosoma Cruzi and Triatomines. Progress in Parasitology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21396-0"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001857","article-title":"Colonization of Rhodnius Prolixus Gut by Trypanosoma Cruzi Involves an Extensive Parasite Killing","volume":"143","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandenborre, G., Smagghe, G., Ghesqui\u00e8re, B., Menschaert, G., Nagender Rao, R., Gevaert, K., and Van Damme, E.J.M. (2011). Diversity in Protein Glycosylation among Insect Species. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016682"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Varki, A., and Kornfeld, S. (2022). Historical Background and Overview. Chapter 1. Essentials of Glycobiology [Internet], Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2012.12.003","article-title":"High Entomotoxicity and Mechanism of the Fungal GalNAc\/Gal-Specific Rhizoctonia Solani Lectin in Pest Insects","volume":"59","author":"Hamshou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20022014","article-title":"Insecticidal Activity of Plant Lectins and Potential Application in Crop Protection","volume":"20","author":"Macedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2017.02.005","article-title":"Diversity and Functions of Protein Glycosylation in Insects","volume":"83","author":"Walski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.11.012","article-title":"Trypanosoma Cruzi: Attachment to Perimicrovillar Membrane Glycoproteins of Rhodnius Prolixus","volume":"116","author":"Alves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Nava-Mirafuentes, I. (2015). Proteoma del Est\u00f3mago de Meccus Pallidipennis (Reduviidae, Triatominae) Asociado a la Infecci\u00f3n por Trypanosoma Cruzi. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero]."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"23","article-title":"Expresi\u00f3n diferencial de prote\u00ednas en el est\u00f3mago de la chinche Meccus pallidipennis, vector de la enfermedad de Chagas","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tlamati"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12579","article-title":"Glycosylation on Proteins of the Intestine and Perimicrovillar Membrane of Triatoma (Meccus) Pallidipennis, under Different Feeding Conditions","volume":"26","author":"Zandberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S1065-6995(03)00142-2","article-title":"Actin Expression in Taenia Solium Cysticerci (Cestoda): Tisular Distribution and Detection of Isoforms","volume":"27","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.08.003","article-title":"Trypanosoma Cruzi: Multiple Actin Isovariants Are Observed along Different Developmental Stages","volume":"127","author":"Cevallos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3846-4","article-title":"Analysis of the Expression of Cytoskeletal Proteins of Taenia Crassiceps ORF Strain Cysticerci (Cestoda)","volume":"113","author":"Landa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2015.08.008","article-title":"Improved Proteomic Analysis Following Trichloroacetic Acid Extraction of Bacillus Anthracis Spore Proteins","volume":"118","author":"Wunschel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(85)90442-7","article-title":"Measurement of Protein Using Bicinchoninic Acid","volume":"150","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41496-8","article-title":"High Resolution Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis of Proteins","volume":"250","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gravel, P. (2002). Identification of Glycoproteins on Nitrocellulose Membranes Using Lectin Blotting. The Protein Protocols Handbook, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-169-8:779"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.9.4350","article-title":"Electrophoretic Transfer of Proteins from Polyacrylamide Gels to Nitrocellulose Sheets: Procedure and Some Applications","volume":"76","author":"Towbin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynoso-Ducoing, O.A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rete, B., D\u00edaz, E., Candelas-Otero, F.N., L\u00f3pez-Avi\u00f1a, J.A., Cabrera-Bravo, M., Bucio-Torres, M.I., Torres-Guti\u00e9rrez, E., and Salazar-Schettino, P.M. (2023). Expression of Proteins, Glycoproteins, and Transcripts in the Guts of Fasting, Fed, and Trypanosoma Cruzi-Infected Triatomines: A Systematic Review. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091124"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Freeze, H., Boyce, M., and Zachara, N. (2022). Glycosylation Precursors Chapter 5. Essentials of Glycobiology [Internet], Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Stanley, P., Moremen, K., and Lewis, N. (2022). N-Glycans Chapter 9. Essentials of Glycobiology [Internet], Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2008.07.002","article-title":"The Insecticidal Activity of Recombinant Garlic Lectins towards Aphids","volume":"38","author":"Fitches","year":"2008","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2008.00240.x","article-title":"Ferritin Acts as a Target Site for the Snowdrop Lectin (GNA) in the Midgut of the Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera Littoralis","volume":"15","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abo, H., Kume, M., Pecori, F., Miura, T., Matsumoto, N., Nishihara, S., and Yamamoto, K. (2022). Disaccharide-Tag for Highly Sensitive Identification of O-GlcNAc-Modified Proteins in Mammalian Cells. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267804"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/5.6.625","article-title":"A Sialidase Activity in the Midgut of the Insect Triatoma Infestans Is Responsible for the Low Levels of Sialic Acid in Trypanosoma Cruzi Growing in the Insect Vector","volume":"5","author":"Amino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Cummings, R., Etzler, M., and Hahn, M. (2022). Glycan-Recognizing Probes as Tools. Chapter 48. Essentials of Glycobiology [Internet], Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.07.003","article-title":"Actin, a Reliable Marker of Internal Control?","volume":"385","author":"Ruan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2007.03.017","article-title":"Induction of Actin Gene Expression in the Mosquito Midgut by Blood Ingestion Correlates with Striking Changes of Cell Shape","volume":"53","author":"Sodja","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paim, R.M., Pereira, M.H., Di Ponzio, R., Rodrigues, J.O., Guarneri, A.A., Gontijo, N.F., and Ara\u00fajo, R.N. (2012). Validation of Reference Genes for Expression Analysis in the Salivary Gland and the Intestine of Rhodnius Prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) under Different Experimental Conditions by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. BMC Res. Notes, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-128"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heissler, S.M., and Chinthalapudi, K. (2024). Structural and Functional Mechanisms of Actin Isoforms. FEBS J., febs.17153.","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.17153"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1603\/0013-8746(2005)098[0100:CIEOHS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Changes in Expression of Heat Shock Proteins in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Relation to Developmental Stage, Exposure Time, and Temperature","volume":"98","author":"Mahroof","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.07.011","article-title":"Functional Evaluation of Heat Shock Proteins 70 (HSP70\/HSC70) on Rhodnius Prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) Physiological Responses Associated with Feeding and Starvation","volume":"77","author":"Paim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1673\/031.013.6901","article-title":"Oral Delivery of Double-Stranded RNA in Larvae of the Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes Aegypti: Implications for Pest Mosquito Control","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/58\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:23:13Z","timestamp":1759850593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13010058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13010058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}}}