{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T01:04:07Z","timestamp":1787965447262,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["kmtth-104-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kmtth-104-019"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["kmtth-107-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kmtth-107-040"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["kmtth-107-045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kmtth-107-045"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["kmtth-109-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kmtth-109-001"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["kmtth-109-030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kmtth-109-030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) significantly increase morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stays, and costs, particularly among ICU patients. Despite standard interventions, catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) remain major HAI contributors. This study evaluated the efficacy of daily 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing in reducing HAI incidence, specifically CAUTI, CLABSI, and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), in a 20-bed ICU at a regional hospital. Using a prospective, uncontrolled before-and-after design, we compared traditional soap-water bathing (pre-intervention period) with CHG bathing over a one-year intervention and one-year post-intervention follow-up. The total number of patients and patient days admitted to the ICU per year were around 1330\u20131412 patients and 6702\u20136927 patient days, respectively, during 2018\u20132020. Results showed a significant reduction in HAI incidence rates from 3.43\u2030 to 0.58\u2030 (p &lt; 0.05) during the intervention and sustained benefits post-intervention. Incidences of CAUTI and CLABSI decreased markedly (p &lt; 0.05), with reduced MDRO isolates, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our findings support the implementation of daily CHG bathing as an effective strategy to reduce HAI and MDROs in ICU settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T10:32:26Z","timestamp":1735813946000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Implementation of 2% Chlorhexidine Bathing to Reduce Healthcare-Associated Infections Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hsu-Liang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control Office, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Shou","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Hwan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Wen","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Zhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Huei","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Infection Control Office, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9258-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tun-Chieh","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Infection Control Office, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Medical Education and Humanizing Health Professional Education, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7423-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Liang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Taiwan Centers for Diseases Control (2024, April 24). 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Asthma Allergy"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/65\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:23:34Z","timestamp":1759850614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/65"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13010065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13010065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]}}}