{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:29:54Z","timestamp":1784842194908,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011348","name":"Agricultural Research Foundation of Oregon State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VMD512-ALX9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VMD512-ALX9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011348","name":"Agricultural Research Foundation of Oregon State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FS009N-AMMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS009N-AMMS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011348","name":"Agricultural Research Foundation of Oregon State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ER-2024-1484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER-2024-1484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"N.L. Tartar Foundation","award":["VMD512-ALX9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VMD512-ALX9"]}]},{"name":"N.L. Tartar Foundation","award":["FS009N-AMMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS009N-AMMS"]}]},{"name":"N.L. Tartar Foundation","award":["ER-2024-1484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER-2024-1484"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Postgraduate Studies and Scientific Research at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia","award":["VMD512-ALX9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VMD512-ALX9"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Postgraduate Studies and Scientific Research at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia","award":["FS009N-AMMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS009N-AMMS"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Postgraduate Studies and Scientific Research at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia","award":["ER-2024-1484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER-2024-1484"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clostridium perfringens type F is a spore-forming bacterium that causes human illnesses, including food poisoning (FP) and non-foodborne gastrointestinal diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activities of 15 natural products against C. perfringens spore growth. Among them, garlic, onion juice, and undiluted essential oil constituents (EOCs) of clove, rosemary, and peppermint showed the strongest activity. Therefore, we examined the inhibitory effects of these products on each stage of the life cycle of C. perfringens FP strains, including spore germination, spore outgrowth, and vegetative growth, in laboratory media and chicken meat. Both clove and peppermint oils (at 0.5%; v\/v) inactivated C. perfringens spore germination in nutrient-rich trypticase\u2013glucose\u2013yeast extract (TGY) medium. Furthermore, EOCs at (0.1\u20130.5%) arrested the spore outgrowth of C. perfringens in TGY medium. Interestingly, EOCs at 0.5% completely inhibited the vegetative growth of FP isolates during a 6 h incubation in TGY medium. However, even at 4-fold higher concentrations (2%), EOCs were unable to inactivate C. perfringens spore growth in contaminated chicken meat stored under abusive conditions. Although some of the natural products inhibited C. perfringens spore germination, outgrowth, and vegetative growth in TGY medium, no such inhibitory activity was observed when these products were applied to C. perfringens spore-inoculated chicken meat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T10:32:26Z","timestamp":1735813946000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of Clostridium perfringens Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Safa Q.","family":"Alfattani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Collage of Science, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed S.","family":"Banawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3658-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahfuzur R.","family":"Sarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.114555","article-title":"Mathematical Modeling of Temperature and Natural Antimicrobial Effects on Germination and Outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens in Chilled Chicken","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.06.011","article-title":"Molecular Genotyping, Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance of Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Meat Supplied to School Cafeterias in South Korea","volume":"52","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1316","article-title":"Epidemiology of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Caused by Clostridium perfringens, United States, 1998\u20132010","volume":"10","author":"Grass","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01430-9","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens: Toxinotype and Genotype","volume":"7","author":"Petit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1886777","article-title":"Pathogenicity and Virulence of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"12","author":"Gohari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0144-8","article-title":"An Update on the Human and Animal Enteric Pathogen Clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Kiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.04.011","article-title":"Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens Toxin-Based Typing Scheme","volume":"53","author":"Rood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01534.x","article-title":"Inactivation of the Gene (cpe) Encoding Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Eliminates the Ability of Two cpe-positive Clostridium perfringens Type A Human Gastrointestinal Disease Isolates to Affect Rabbit Ileal Loops","volume":"33","author":"Sarker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.03.020","article-title":"Novel Insights into the Epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens Type A Food Poisoning","volume":"28","author":"Heikinheimo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"M202","article-title":"Combined Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure, Temperature, and pH on the Inactivation of Spores of Clostridium perfringens Type A and Clostridium sporogenes in Buffer Solutions","volume":"72","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7620","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01911-06","article-title":"Comparative Effects of Osmotic, Sodium Nitrite-Induced, and pH-Induced Stress on Growth and Survival of Clostridium perfringens Type A Isolates Carrying Chromosomal or Plasmid-Borne Enterotoxin Genes","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00177-06","article-title":"Further Comparison of Temperature Effects on Growth and Survival of Clostridium perfringens Type A Isolates Carrying a Chromosomal or Plasmid-Borne Enterotoxin Gene","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Doyle, M., and Buchanan, R. (2012). Clostridium perfringens. Food Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01748-07","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens Spore Germination: Characterization of Germinants and Their Receptors","volume":"190","author":"Torres","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2007.04.004","article-title":"Use of Calcium, Potassium, and Sodium Lactates to Control Germination and Outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens Spores during Chilling of Injected Pork","volume":"24","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.3.376","article-title":"Control of Clostridium perfringens Germination and Outgrowth by Buffered Sodium Citrate during Chilling of Roast Beef and Injected Pork\u2020","volume":"66","author":"Thippareddi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M2507","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12701","article-title":"Effect of Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) on Growth Control of Clostridium perfringens and Lipid Oxidation of Ready-to-Eat Jokbal (Pig\u2019s Trotters)","volume":"79","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2021.108557","article-title":"Predictive Model for Growth of Clostridium perfringens during Cooling of Cooked Pork Supplemented with Sodium Chloride and Sodium Pyrophosphate","volume":"180","author":"Juneja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-289","article-title":"Growth Potential of Clostridium perfringens from Spores in Acidified Beef, Pork, and Poultry Products during Chilling\u2020","volume":"76","author":"Juneja","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angane, M., Swift, S., Huang, K., Butts, C.A., and Quek, S.Y. (2022). Essential Oils and Their Major Components: An Updated Review on Antimicrobial Activities, Mechanism of Action and Their Potential Application in the Food Industry. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030464"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.12.069","article-title":"Essential Oils: From Extraction to Encapsulation","volume":"483","author":"Asbahani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"241","article-title":"Botulism in Man and Animals","volume":"17","author":"Num","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2013.09.002","article-title":"Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobial Agents in Meat and Meat Products: A Review","volume":"34","author":"Jayasena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.7.1386","article-title":"Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes Growth in Cured Ready-to-Eat Meat Products by Use of Sodium Benzoate and Sodium Diacetate","volume":"71","author":"Seman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.12.040","article-title":"Essential Oils as Antimicrobials in Food Systems\u2014A Review","volume":"54","author":"Calo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"European Commission (2024, December 01). Regulation (EC) No 1334\/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on Flavourings and Certain Food Ingredients with Flavouring Properties for Use in and on Foods and Amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 1601\/91, Regulations (EC) No 2232\/96 and (EC) No 110\/2008 and Directive 2000\/13\/EC. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2008\/1334\/oj."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3278359","article-title":"Use of Plant Extracts as an Effective Manner to Control Clostridium perfringens Induced Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry","volume":"2016","author":"Carrasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12196","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils on Clostridium perfringens Type A Inoculated in Mortadella","volume":"35","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.1.136-142.1998","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Sporulation-Dependent Promoters Upstream of the Enterotoxin Gene (Cpe) of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"180","author":"Zhao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.10.2533-2539.1994","article-title":"Comparison of Western Immunoblots and Gene Detection Assays for Identification of Potentially Enterotoxigenic Isolates of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"32","author":"Songer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.100.1.86-94.1969","article-title":"Ileal Loop Fluid Accumulation and Production of Diarrhea in Rabbits by Cell-Free Products of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"100","author":"Duncan","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1128\/am.16.1.82-89.1968","article-title":"Improved Medium for Sporulation of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"16","author":"Duncan","year":"1968","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13486","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Products against Clostridium difficile in Vitro","volume":"123","author":"Roshan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02196.x","article-title":"Analysis of the Action of Compounds That Inhibit the Germination of Spores of Bacillus Species","volume":"96","author":"Cortezzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.12.007","article-title":"The Inhibitory Effects of Sorbate and Benzoate against Clostridium perfringens Type A Isolates","volume":"48","author":"Alnoman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2018.02.003","article-title":"The Inhibitory Effects of Essential Oil Constituents against Germination, Outgrowth and Vegetative Growth of Spores of Clostridium perfringens Type A in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat","volume":"73","author":"Alanazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"669","article-title":"Antibacterial Effect of Hydrosoluble Extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum) against Bifidobacterium Spp. and Lactobacillus acidophilus","volume":"7","author":"Booyens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822007000200034","article-title":"Screening Methods to Determine Antibacterial Activity of Natural Products","volume":"38","author":"Valgas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Other Plant Extracts","volume":"86","author":"Hammer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04552.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Honey from the Stingless Bee Trigona carbonaria Determined by Agar Diffusion, Agar Dilution, Broth Microdilution and Time-kill Methodology","volume":"108","author":"Boorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-0020(87)90016-5","article-title":"Germination and Heat Resistance of Bacillus subtilis Spores Produced on Clove and Eugenol Based Media","volume":"4","author":"Blank","year":"1987","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.1996.0075","article-title":"Inhibition of Germination and Vegetative Growth of Bacillus cereus T and Clostridium botulinum 62A Spores by Essential Oils","volume":"14","author":"Chaibi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1985.tb12992.x","article-title":"Phenolic Spice Components Sporostatic to Bacillus subtilis","volume":"50","author":"Blank","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6121451","article-title":"Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Nazzaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103924","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Eugenol against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Its Effect on Biofilms","volume":"139","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashrafudoulla, M., Mizan, M.F.R., Ha, A.J., Park, S.H., and Ha, S.-D. (2020). Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Mechanism of Eugenol against Antibiotic Resistance Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Food Microbiol., 91.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2020.103500"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"720","article-title":"Antibacterial Effect of Mentha Piperita Essential Oil Against Foodborne Pathogens in Minced Meat During Storage at Abuse Refrigeration Temperature","volume":"7","author":"Raeisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Animal Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J.-G., Liu, T., Hu, Q.-P., and Cao, X.-M. (2016). Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Properties and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oil from Clove Buds against Staphylococcus Aureus. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091194"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.03.058","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity in the Vapour Phase of a Combination of Cinnamon and Clove Essential Oils","volume":"116","author":"Becerril","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2012.11.014","article-title":"Evaluation and Improvement of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Supercritical Extracts from Clove Buds","volume":"5","author":"Ivanovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/S1671-2927(11)60142-9","article-title":"Antibacterial Effect of Cinnamon Oil Combined with Thyme or Clove Oil","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2009.9700193","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils of Mint and Peppermint as Well as Some of Their Main Compounds","volume":"21","author":"Jirovetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01650-07","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens Type A Strains Carrying a Plasmid-Borne Enterotoxin Gene (Genotype IS 1151\u2014Cpe or IS 1470 -like- Cpe) as a Common Cause of Food Poisoning","volume":"46","author":"Lahti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.07.042","article-title":"Use of Cloves and Cinnamon Essential Oil to Inactivate Listeria monocytogenes in Ground Beef at Freezing and Refrigeration Temperatures","volume":"74","author":"Khaleque","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2016.6.1.670-676","article-title":"Rosemary, Thyme and Organo Essential Oils Influnce on Physicochemical Properties and Microbiological Stability of Minced Meat","volume":"6","author":"Amariei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03010-13","article-title":"Impacts of Sample Preparation Methods on Solubility and Antilisterial Characteristics of Essential Oil Components in Milk","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toldr\u00e1, F. (2009). Antimicrobials Treatment. Safety of Meat and Processed Meat, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89026-5"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","article-title":"Essential Oils: Their Antibacterial Properties and Potential Applications in Foods\u2014A Review","volume":"94","author":"Burt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1892","article-title":"Effect of Essential Oils on Germination and Growth of Some Pathogenic and Spoilage Spore-Forming Bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Voundi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/72\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1759918922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/72"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13010072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13010072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]}}}