{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T07:23:53Z","timestamp":1784013833992,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province","award":["Qiankehe Achievements-LH [2024]030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Achievements-LH [2024]030"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province","award":["Qiankehe Platform Talent-GCC [2022]027-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Platform Talent-GCC [2022]027-1"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province","award":["Qianketongyan [2024] No. 343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qianketongyan [2024] No. 343"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Province High-level Innovative Talent Project","award":["Qiankehe Achievements-LH [2024]030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Achievements-LH [2024]030"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Province High-level Innovative Talent Project","award":["Qiankehe Platform Talent-GCC [2022]027-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Platform Talent-GCC [2022]027-1"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Province High-level Innovative Talent Project","award":["Qianketongyan [2024] No. 343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qianketongyan [2024] No. 343"]}]},{"name":"Bijie Jiaxiangmei Agricultural Comprehensive Development Co., Ltd.","award":["Qiankehe Achievements-LH [2024]030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Achievements-LH [2024]030"]}]},{"name":"Bijie Jiaxiangmei Agricultural Comprehensive Development Co., Ltd.","award":["Qiankehe Platform Talent-GCC [2022]027-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Platform Talent-GCC [2022]027-1"]}]},{"name":"Bijie Jiaxiangmei Agricultural Comprehensive Development Co., Ltd.","award":["Qianketongyan [2024] No. 343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qianketongyan [2024] No. 343"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a food packaging sliding agent, erucamide is widely used in the field of food packaging, but the traditional synthesis method of erucamide faces the problems of insufficient raw materials and low yield of colza oil. Our laboratory has found that Bacillus megaterium L2 has the potential to produce erucamide. This study aims to improve the ability of B. megaterium L2 to produce erucamide by adding various accelerants to optimize the fermentation conditions. Univariate and orthogonal tests showed that 0.3% Tween 80, 0.004% Ca2+, 0.04% colza oil, and 0.02% chloroform were the best regulation conditions for erucamide production of the L2 strain, and erucamide content reached 1.778 mg\/L, which was 32.59% higher than the blank group and 60.26% higher than before fermentation culture. The mechanism of membrane metabolism in the L2 strain was further investigated, and our data suggested that the conductivity, nucleic acid and protein content, and \u03b2-galactosidase activity of L2 were increased significantly after treatment with accelerants, indicating that the accelerants changed the cell membrane permeability of the L2 strain but did not harm or kill the bacteria. Moreover, GC-MS analysis of the cell membrane fatty acids of the L2 strain showed that the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid components increased from 0.893 to 1.856, which increased the fluidity and reduced the rigidity of the cell membrane. This study could provide some theoretical reference for microbial erucamide fermentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T04:54:08Z","timestamp":1736312048000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Increasing Erucamide Content in Bacillus megaterium Using Several Accelerants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9508-6730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences\/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences\/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences\/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang 550009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longfeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences\/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renli","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences\/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.12.072","article-title":"Antidepressant and anxiolytic-like behavioral effects of erucamide, a bioactive fatty acid amide, involving the hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis in mice","volume":"640","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Effect of antiblocking agent on the properties of LLDPE film","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Synth. Resins Plast."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"64","article-title":"Current application status of lubricants in plastic threaded caps","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.4117","article-title":"Erucamide from Radish Leaves Has an Inhibitory Effect Against Acetylcholinesterase and Prevents Memory Deficit Induced by Trimethyltin","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"333","article-title":"Anxiolytic effects of erucamide on mice","volume":"34","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Shenyang Pharm. Univ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Zhang, H. (2021). Isolation, Purification, Structural Identification and Activity Study of Natural Products from Red Yeast Rice in Gutian, Fujian. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jimei University]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.12.010","article-title":"Characterization of antimicrobial lipopeptides produced by Bacillus sp. LM7 isolated from chungkookjang, a Korean traditional fermented soybean food","volume":"221","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, F.X., Hern\u00e1ndez, A.G., Glick, B.R., and Rossi, M.J. (2020). Plant growth-promoting activities and genomic analysis of the stress-resistant Bacillus megaterium STB1, a bacterium of agricultural and biotechnological interest. Biotechnol. Rep., 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00406"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.05.019","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide compound produced by Bacillus megaterium strain isolated from oral microflora","volume":"26","author":"Maher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Yang, W. (2020). Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Applying Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and Bacillus megaterium to Greenhouse Tomatoes. [Ph.D. Thesis, Hebei Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Extraction, structure and bioactivity of Tremella Fuciformis polysaccharides: A review","volume":"121","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ling-Feng Jia, P.C.G.Q. (2024). A comprehensive review of the sedative-hypnotic mechanisms of edible fungi. Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420044","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420044","article-title":"Bioactive components of Ganoderma lucidum and their efficacy and application in cosmetics","volume":"2","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.57.471","article-title":"Kinetic investigation of erucamide synthesis using fatty acid and urea","volume":"57","author":"Awasthi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.56.507","article-title":"Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid amide (erucamide) using fatty acid and urea","volume":"56","author":"Awasthi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11380","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b01177","article-title":"Novel Route to Erucamide: Highly Selective Synthesis from Acetonitrile at Room Temperature via a Photo-Fenton Process","volume":"6","author":"Sethi","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.191","article-title":"Effect of surfactants on the production of polysaccharides from Schizophyllum commune through submerged fermentation","volume":"192","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(02)00249-2","article-title":"Effect of surfactants on extracellular accumulation of glutathione by Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"38","author":"Wei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00721-09","article-title":"Characterization of novel beta-galactosidase activity that contributes to glycoprotein degradation and virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"78","author":"Terra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, O., and Szab\u00f3, A. (2023). Review of Eukaryote Cellular Membrane Lipid Composition, with Special Attention to the Fatty Acids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115693"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Peng, Q., Ji, Y., Xie, A., Yang, L., Mu, S., Li, Z., He, T., Xiao, Y., and Zhao, J. (2021). Isolation and Identification of Antibacterial Bioactive Compounds From Bacillus megaterium L2. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.645484"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"110","article-title":"Establishment of acid amide determination method and optimization of fermentation conditions in Bacillus megaterium","volume":"39","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Li, N., Zhou, X., Wei, S., Zhu, Y., Li, M., Gong, J., He, Y., Dong, X., and Gao, C. (2024). Optimization of fermentation parameters to improve the biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Bacillus licheniformis F1 and its comprehensive application. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03410-5"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"84","article-title":"GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Components from Leaves of Ilex spinulosa","volume":"39","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Agrobiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30567","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3002-2","article-title":"Orthogonal design-guided preparation of multi-level porous-activated carbon by pyrolysis of waste polyester textiles","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1021\/jf970501c","article-title":"Correlation of Lipid Peroxidation in Botrytis cinerea Caused by Dicarboximide Fungicides with Their Fungicidal Activity","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.10.050","article-title":"Expression of SARS-coronavirus envelope protein in Escherichia coli cells alters membrane permeability","volume":"325","author":"Liao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.09.026","article-title":"A new Arctic Chlorella species for biodiesel production","volume":"125","author":"Ahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"4","article-title":"Effects of chitosan with different molecular weights on cell membrane permeability","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3611","article-title":"Relationship between dietary linoleic acid, intestinal flora and chronic metabolic diseases","volume":"39","author":"Lou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod. Med. Health."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"52","article-title":"GC\/MS analysis of fatty acid composition of Crape Myrtle seed oil","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Agron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"179","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasonic extraction technology and component analysis of pomegranate seed oil by response surface methodology","volume":"38","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.052","article-title":"Influence of tween-80 on the production and structure of water-insoluble curdlan from Agrobacterium sp.","volume":"106","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-017-1965-5","article-title":"Transcriptomic responses involved in enhanced production of hypocrellin a by addition of triton x-100 in submerged cultures of Shiraia bambusicola","volume":"44","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1128\/am.17.2.242-245.1969","article-title":"Surfactants as stimulants of enzyme production by microorganisms","volume":"17","author":"Reese","year":"1969","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s007920050065","article-title":"Bacteria tolerant to organic solvents","volume":"2","author":"Isken","year":"1998","journal-title":"Extremophiles"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/27686","article-title":"Role of Ca2+\/K+ ion exchange in intracellular storage and release of Ca2+","volume":"395","author":"Nguyen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess22118","article-title":"Enzymatic interesterification of vegetable oil:a review on physicochemical and functional properties, and its health effects","volume":"71","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1759919073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13010108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13010108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]}}}