{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T18:26:26Z","timestamp":1785349586448,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["TGA-2021-22790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TGA-2021-22790"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pancreas, previously considered a sterile organ, has recently been shown to harbor its own microbiota that may influence tumor biology and patient outcomes. Despite increasing interest in the impact of the microbiome on cancer, the relationship between pancreatic tissue and oral microbiomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains limited. In this study, the oral and pancreas tissue microbiomes of patients with PDAC were compared to patients with other periampullary cancers (DC\/AC) and a healthy control group using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results showed a significant reduction in microbial diversity in the saliva of cancer patients compared to healthy controls, while the PDAC patients exhibited a distinct microbial profile in their pancreatic tissues, consisting predominantly of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacter, after filtering the microbiome of the indoor environment. Notably, the presence of oral bacteria such as Anoxybacillus, Clostridium, and Bacillus in pancreatic tissues suggests potential translocation from the oral cavity. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the role of body fluid and tissue microbiota in pancreatic cancer, proposing that oral dysbiosis may contribute to disease progression. Moreover, the results suggest that the microbiome of the indoor environment in which samples are collected and analyzed is also important in microbiota analysis studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T05:17:08Z","timestamp":1736399828000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Unveiling Microbiota Profiles in Saliva and Pancreatic Tissues of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8127-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alper","family":"Uguz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9263-403X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can","family":"Muftuoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ufuk","family":"Mert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atat\u00fcrk Vocational School of Health Services, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"},{"name":"Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EGESAM), Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tufan","family":"Gumus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2787-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniz","family":"Ece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Asadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem Ulusan","family":"Bagci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3058-9971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse","family":"Caner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"},{"name":"Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EGESAM), Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamska, A., Domenichini, A., and Falasca, M. (2017). Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current and Evolving Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071338"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/03936155231166721","article-title":"Alterations of commensal microbiota are associated with pancreatic cancer","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Markers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vil\u00e0-Quintana, L., Fort, E., Pardo, L., Albiol-Quer, M.T., Ortiz, M.R., Capdevila, M., Feliu, A., Bah\u00ed, A., Llir\u00f3s, M., and Garc\u00eda-Velasco, A. (2024). Metagenomic Study Reveals Phage-Bacterial Interactome Dynamics in Gut and Oral Microbiota in Pancreatic Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010988"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.02.005","article-title":"A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity","volume":"5","author":"Heiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0542","article-title":"The Microbiomes of Pancreatic and Duodenum Tissue Overlap and Are Highly Subject Specific but Differ between Pancreatic Cancer and Noncancer Subjects","volume":"28","author":"Meier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5043","article-title":"Potential role of intratumor bacteria in mediating tumor resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine","volume":"357","author":"Geller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.07.008","article-title":"Tumor Microbiome Diversity and Composition Influence Pancreatic Cancer Outcomes","volume":"178","author":"Riquelme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9189","article-title":"The human tumor microbiome is composed of tumor type-specific intracellular bacteria","volume":"368","author":"Nejman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1134","article-title":"The Pancreatic Cancer Microbiome Promotes Oncogenesis by Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Suppression","volume":"8","author":"Pushalkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalluri, H., Jensen, E., and Staley, C. (2021). Role of biliary stent and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the pancreatic tumor microbiome. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02339-3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v15.i5.713","article-title":"Intratumour microbiome of pancreatic cancer","volume":"15","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1277177","article-title":"Exploring the role of indoor microbiome and environmental characteristics in rhinitis symptoms among university students","volume":"3","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0933-8","article-title":"The oral microbiota in patients with pancreatic cancer, patients with IPMNs, and controls: A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Olson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okuda, S., Hirose, Y., Takihara, H., Okuda, A., Ling, Y., Tajima, Y., Shimada, Y., Ichikawa, H., Takizawa, K., and Sakata, J. (2022). Unveiling microbiome profiles in human inner body fluids and tumor tissues with pancreatic or biliary tract cancer. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12658-8"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2660","article-title":"Oral microbial community composition is associated with pancreatic cancer: A case-control study in Iran","volume":"9","author":"Vogtmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herremans, K.M., Riner, A.N., Cameron, M.E., McKinley, K.L., Triplett, E.W., Hughes, S.J., and Trevino, J.G. (2022). The oral microbiome, pancreatic cancer and human diversity in the age of precision medicine. Microbiome, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01262-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx019","article-title":"Periodontal disease, edentulism, and pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKinley, K.N.L., Herremans, K.M., Riner, A.N., Vudatha, V., Freudenberger, D.C., Hughes, S.J., Triplett, E.W., and Trevino, J.G. (2023). Translocation of Oral Microbiota into the Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Tumor Microenvironment. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061466"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05435-0","article-title":"Effect of the intratumoral microbiota on spatial and cellular heterogeneity in cancer","volume":"611","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Zhu, N., Zheng, X., Liu, Y., Lu, H., Yin, X., Hao, H., Tan, Y., Wang, D., and Hu, H. (2022). Intratumor Microbiome Analysis Identifies Positive Association Between Megasphaera and Survival of Chinese Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.785422"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutha, N.V.R., Mohammed, W.K., Krasnogor, N., Tan, G.Y.A., Wee, W.Y., Li, Y., Choo, S.W., and Jakubovics, N.S. (2019). Transcriptional profiling of coaggregation interactions between Streptococcus gordonii and Veillonella parvula by Dual RNA-Seq. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43979-w"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06930-0","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms and promising approaches in pancreatic cancer metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, I., Gregory, E., Atwood, C., Lee, S.O., and Song, Y.H. (2022). Exploring the Role of Metabolites in Cancer and the Associated Nerve Crosstalk. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091722"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"940","article-title":"The Role of the Negative Control in Microbiome Analyses","volume":"31","author":"Edmonds","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornung, B.V.H., Zwittink, R.D., and Kuijper, E.J. (2019). Issues and current standards of controls in microbiome research. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 95.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz045"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brusnic, O., Onisor, D., Boicean, A., Hasegan, A., Ichim, C., Guzun, A., Chicea, R., Todor, S.B., Vintila, B.I., and Anderco, P. (2024). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Insights into Colon Carcinogenesis and Immune Regulation. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216578"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boicean, A., Ichim, C., Todor, S.B., Anderco, P., and Popa, M.L. (2024). The Importance of Microbiota and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Pancreatic Disorders. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14090861"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.014","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer: Advances and challenges","volume":"186","author":"Halbrook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyabayashi, K., Ijichi, H., and Fujishiro, M. (2022). The Role of the Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14184479"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc4552","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4552","article-title":"The microbiome and human cancer","volume":"371","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2020.101589","article-title":"Microbiome and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"45","author":"Hilmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schepis, T., De Lucia, S.S., Nista, E.C., Manilla, V., Pignataro, G., Ojetti, V., Piccioni, A., Gasbarrini, A., Franceschi, F., and Candelli, M. (2021). Microbiota in Pancreatic Diseases: A Review of the Literature. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245920"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104262","article-title":"Microbiomes in pancreatic cancer can be an accomplice or a weapon","volume":"194","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.01.041","article-title":"The outcomes and complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure): Cross sectional study","volume":"52","author":"Karim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31821fd334","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer surgery in the new millennium: Better prediction of outcome","volume":"254","author":"Hartwig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, D.E., Lu, J., and Langmead, B. (2019). Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2. Genome Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P.R., O\u2019hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., and Wagner, H. (2017, January 17). Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.5-6. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gkountakos, A., Martelli, F.M., Silvestris, N., Bevere, M., De Bellis, M., Alaimo, L., Sapuppo, E., Masetto, F., Mombello, A., and Simbolo, M. (2023). Extrahepatic Distal Cholangiocarcinoma vs. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Histology and Molecular Profiling for Differential Diagnosis and Treatment. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051454"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300784","article-title":"Variations of oral microbiota are associated with pancreatic diseases including pancreatic cancer","volume":"61","author":"Farrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1373","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1373","article-title":"Characterization of the salivary microbiome in patients with pancreatic cancer","volume":"3","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312580","article-title":"Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: A population-based nested case-control study","volume":"67","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Zhao, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, J., Ma, R., Ren, X., Wang, H., and Zou, L. (2020). Characterization of Oral Microbiome and Exploration of Potential Biomarkers in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer. Biomed Res. Int., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4712498"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1759919118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13010119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13010119","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]}}}