{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:44Z","timestamp":1787029004373,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Health","award":["NIZP-PZH-PIB\/2021\/1094\/1056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIZP-PZH-PIB\/2021\/1094\/1056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a prevalent pathogen of the respiratory tract, posing a significant threat to individuals with compromised immune systems, particularly the elderly and neonates in hospital settings. The primary objective of this study was to identify a specific period within the epidemic season during which healthcare providers can anticipate an increased incidence of RSV infections and characterize the epidemic season in Poland. Molecular biology techniques were employed to diagnose samples at Sanitary Stations and the National Institute of Public Health (NIC) in Warsaw. Epidemiological data were collected using the SENTINEL surveillance system. In the 2020\/2021 season, there were no reported cases of RSV due to the prioritization of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. Before the pandemic, the period of heightened RSV infection risk typically commenced in the 51st week or later, with a statistically significant correlation indicating that a later start was associated with a shorter season duration (p = 0.034). In post-pandemic seasons, the temporal distribution of RSV cases exhibited a notable shift, with earlier season onset, peak, and conclusion. Data indicate that RSV is predominantly diagnosed in pediatric populations; however, since the 2017\/2018 season, there has been an increase in RSV diagnoses among other age groups. Given the observed shifts in the seasonal peak following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, ongoing surveillance is required to ascertain whether these changes are permanent or transient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1736740912000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Circulation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Poland Between Seasons of 2009\/2010 and 2022\/2023 Based on SENTINEL System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3269-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pozna\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Monitoring and Analysis, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kondratiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Hallmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4144-9096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"\u0141uniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Masny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia B.","family":"Brydak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, July 19). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/diseases\/respiratory-syncytial-virus-(rsv)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023062574","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-062574","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalizations Among Children < 5 Years Old: 2016 to 2020","volume":"153","author":"Curns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e984","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30344-3","article-title":"Global respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in young children (RSV GOLD): A retrospective case series","volume":"5","author":"Scheltema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvajal, J.J., Avellaneda, A.M., Salazar-Ardiles, C., Maya, J.E., Kalergis, A.M., and Lay, M.K. (2019). Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02152"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"75","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus: Diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"14","author":"Eiland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.371","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults","volume":"13","author":"Falsey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l5021","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5021","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults","volume":"366","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.15557\/PiMR.2018.0007","article-title":"Analysis of respiratory syncytial virus infections in children up to 24 months old, hospitalized in the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Nephrology and Allergology of the Military Institute of Medicine between 2016 and 2017","volume":"14","author":"Cegielska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Med. Rodz."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit839","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viral infections in older adults with moderate to severe influenza-like illness","volume":"209","author":"Falsey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.139188","article-title":"Pre-existing disease is associated with a significantly higher risk of death in severe respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"94","author":"Thorburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dis Child."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00508-0","article-title":"Review of epidemiology and clinical risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection","volume":"143","author":"Welliver","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801105010128","article-title":"Diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Aberle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Microbiol. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.2824-2828.2000","article-title":"Clinical and financial benefits of rapid detection of respiratory viruses: An outcomes study","volume":"38","author":"Barenfanger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.12.003","article-title":"Comparison of nasopharyngeal flocked swabs and aspirates for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses in children","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.065144","article-title":"RSV testing in bronchiolitis: Which nasal sampling method is best?","volume":"90","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4337-4339.2002","article-title":"Nasal swab versus nasopharyngeal aspirate for isolation of respiratory viruses","volume":"40","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0000000000000240","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of respiratory viruses","volume":"47","author":"Somerville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003766","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03766-2020","article-title":"Recommendations for respiratory syncytial virus surveillance at national level","volume":"22","author":"Teirlinck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy056","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Seasonality: A Global Overview","volume":"217","author":"Sly","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1199709","article-title":"Nadz\u00f3r nad gryp\u0105 [Influenza surveillance]","volume":"70","author":"Bednarska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postepy. Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"101","article-title":"Novelties in influenza surveillance in Poland","volume":"97","author":"Bednarska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Probl. Hig. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"WHO (2024, August 14). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-influenza-programme\/surveillance-and-monitoring\/influenza-surveillance-outputs."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131098","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2131098","article-title":"The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children","volume":"2024","author":"Montes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002926","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2024-002926","article-title":"Lesson in understanding parents\u2019 perspective: Perception of quality of care and COVID-19-related fears among users of paediatric health services over the COVID-19 pandemic in 11 facilities in Italy","volume":"8","author":"Dalena","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00630-8","article-title":"Changes in the global hospitalisation burden of respiratory syncytial virus in young children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis","volume":"24","author":"Cong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.002","article-title":"Characterizing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"87","author":"Masoom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13219","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13219","article-title":"Seasonal and inter-seasonal RSV activity in the European Region during the COVID-19 pandemic from autumn 2020 to summer 2022","volume":"17","author":"Sinnathamby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazela, J., Jackowska, T., Czech, M., Helwich, E., Martyn, O., Aleksiejuk, P., Smaga, A., Glazewska, J., and Wysocki, J. (2024). Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalizations in Poland: An Analysis from 2015 to 2023 Covering the Entire Polish Population of Children Aged under Five Years. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050704"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"CDC (2024, August 14). Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/72\/wr\/mm7214a1.htm."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2024, April 11). Polish Ministry of Health Online Portal: E-Zdrowie, Available online: https:\/\/ezdrowie.gov.pl\/15131."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"135-15","article-title":"Choroby zaka\u017ane w Polsce w 2017 roku. [Infectious diseases in Poland in 2017] Przegl\u0105d Epidemiologiczny","volume":"73","author":"Czarkowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"WHO (2024, March 27). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-influenza-programme\/global-respiratory-syncytial-virus-surveillance."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"ECDC (2024). Operational Considerations for Respiratory Virus Surveillance in Europe, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/operational-considerations-respiratory-virus-surveillance-europe."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"WHO (2025, January 02). Influenza Surveillance Outputs. Available online: https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/flunetchart\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Europe Medicines Agency (2024, December 03). Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/arexvy."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Europe Medicines Agency (2024, December 03). Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/abrysvo."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2024, December 18). Europe Medicines Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/synagis."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Europe Medicines Agency (2024, December 18). Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/beyfortus."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024, December 18). Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rsv\/hcp\/vaccine-clinical-guidance\/infants-young-children.html."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314885","article-title":"Nirsevimab and Hospitalization for RSV Bronchiolitis","volume":"391","author":"Assad","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00143-3","article-title":"Effect of nirsevimab on hospitalisations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in France, 2023\u20132024: A modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Brault","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:26:59Z","timestamp":1759919219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/1\/140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13010140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13010140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]}}}