{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:37:29Z","timestamp":1791877049980,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and metabolic syndrome, are systemic conditions that profoundly impact the skin microbiota, a dynamic community of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites essential for cutaneous health. Dysbiosis caused by metabolic dysfunction contributes to skin barrier disruption, immune dysregulation, and increased susceptibility to inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne. For instance, hyperglycemia in T2DM leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which bind to the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) on keratinocytes and immune cells, promoting oxidative stress and inflammation while facilitating Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis. Similarly, obesity-induced dysregulation of sebaceous lipid composition increases saturated fatty acids, favoring pathogenic strains of Cutibacterium acnes, which produce inflammatory metabolites that exacerbate acne. Advances in metabolomics and microbiome sequencing have unveiled critical biomarkers, such as short-chain fatty acids and microbial signatures, predictive of therapeutic outcomes. For example, elevated butyrate levels in psoriasis have been associated with reduced Th17-mediated inflammation, while the presence of specific Lactobacillus strains has shown potential to modulate immune tolerance in atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, machine learning models are increasingly used to integrate multi-omics data, enabling personalized interventions. Emerging therapies, such as probiotics and postbiotics, aim to restore microbial diversity, while phage therapy selectively targets pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus without disrupting beneficial flora. Clinical trials have demonstrated significant reductions in inflammatory lesions and improved quality-of-life metrics in patients receiving these microbiota-targeted treatments. This review synthesizes current evidence on the bidirectional interplay between metabolic disorders and skin microbiota, highlighting therapeutic implications and future directions. By addressing systemic metabolic dysfunction and microbiota-mediated pathways, precision strategies are paving the way for improved patient outcomes in dermatologic care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T11:28:31Z","timestamp":1736854111000},"page":"161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Skin Microbiota: Mediator of Interactions Between Metabolic Disorders and Cutaneous Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Magdalini","family":"Kreouzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Amalia Fleming General Hospital, 14, 25th Martiou Str., 15127 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0420-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Theodorakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NT-CardioMetabolics, Clinic for Metabolism and Athletic Performance, 47 Tirteou Str., 17564 Palaio Faliro, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology & Preventive Cardiology Outpatient Clinic, Amalia Fleming General Hospital, 14, 25th Martiou Str., 15127 Melissia, Greece"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 18 Aristotelous Str., 26335 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2481-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology & Preventive Cardiology Outpatient Clinic, Amalia Fleming General Hospital, 14, 25th Martiou Str., 15127 Melissia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3597-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Feretzakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 18 Aristotelous Str., 26335 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6679-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Anastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2456-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Kalodanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics & Telematics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3199-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Sakagianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 37 Sismanogleiou Str., 15126 Marousi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garus-Pakowska, A. 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