{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:33Z","timestamp":1787028993626,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that has a significant economic and public health impact, especially in endemic countries. This review delves deeply into brucellosis\u2019s current epidemiological situation and potential sources of livestock infection in Egypt during the last two decades. MLVA-16 and Whole Genome Sequencing based on core-genome SNP analyses confirm the presence of different B. abortus and B. melitensis outbreak strains, both older widely disseminated Brucella strains and newly introduced ones. Despite implementing the test-and-slaughter control strategy over forty years, the disease is still endemic, and different Brucella species circulate among several animal species. The raising of mixed animal species in the same households or farms, exposure to aborted animals, and lack of public awareness about brucellosis transmission are among the main risk factors for increasing livestock brucellosis prevalence in Egypt. Young animals\u2019 voluntary vaccination, lack of a nationwide animal identification system, and uncontrolled animal movement stand beyond the ineffectively applied control strategy and may be subdued by applying mass vaccination to decrease disease prevalence dramatically and target imported camels, domestic pigs, and dogs (housed and stray) in the national control surveillance. Increasing awareness through educational campaigns is compulsory to reduce brucellosis transmission risk to livestock\/humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T05:59:42Z","timestamp":1736920782000},"page":"170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Animal Brucellosis in Egypt: Review on Evolution, Epidemiological Situation, Prevalent Brucella Strains, Genetic Diversity, and Assessment of Implemented National Control Measures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7219-580X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M. S.","family":"Menshawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3960-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Acacia Ferreira","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH\/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, ANSES\/Paris-Est University, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7355-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamen M.","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitomir","family":"Djokic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH\/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, ANSES\/Paris-Est University, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud E. R.","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Department of Brucellosis Research, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3395-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Freddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH\/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, ANSES\/Paris-Est University, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essam M.","family":"Elbauomy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Department of Brucellosis Research, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf E.","family":"Sayour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Department of Brucellosis Research, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9633-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Ponsart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH\/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, ANSES\/Paris-Est University, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5554-7984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nour H.","family":"Abdel-Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Department of Brucellosis Research, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WOAH (2022). 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