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Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face resource constraints that limit adherence to international monitoring standards for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). The development of low-cost WBE programs, such as those to detect SARS-CoV-2, offers LMICs a promising tool for monitoring pathogens of local concern. In this work, we summarize important wastewater biomarkers for LMICs and their associated public health challenges, ranging from pathogens causing gastroenteritis to putative markers for plant diseases linked to food safety, as well as antimicrobial resistance. We raise awareness of the great potential of WBE for LMICs and highlight the critical health markers, research needs, and strategies necessary to establish tailored wastewater surveillance programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T11:09:02Z","timestamp":1737544142000},"page":"238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Perspective on Wastewater and Environmental Surveillance as a Public Health Tool for Low- and Middle-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5039-2255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Shehryaar","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7418-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Wurzbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8241-0534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Uchaikina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Pleshkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanitary-Epidemiological Welfare and Public Health Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan (SANEPIDCOM), Bunyodkor Street 46, Tashkent 100097, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Mirshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanitary-Epidemiological Welfare and Public Health Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan (SANEPIDCOM), Bunyodkor Street 46, Tashkent 100097, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg E.","family":"Drewes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, June 06). 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