{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:16:52Z","timestamp":1792700212510,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiota composition and its potential interactions across seven gut locations (stomachs, jejuna, ilea, ceca, proximal colons, distal colons, and recta) in weaned pigs to identify key influencing microbiotas. To compare between microbiota compositions, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed. Six 70-day-old healthy crossbred (Duroc \u00d7 Large White \u00d7 Landrace) piglets were introduced as donors. A Bayesian network (BN) was used to examine the directional interactions among the microbiotas evaluated (seven mucosal and seven digesta microbiotas). Based on edge connectivity frequency, the microbiota in jejunal mucosa was the central hub node, influencing other microbiotas, especially the mucosal microbiotas of the ileum, cecum, distal colon, and rectum. The jejunal mucosa was dominated by Prevotella and lactobacilli, both recognized for their contributions to pig health. Among Prevotella, Prevotella copri and Prevotella sp. were predominant in jejunal mucosa (4.6% and 2.9%, respectively). Lactobacilli, including eight distinct species, were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Notably, Ligilactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus amylovorus, known as immune-enhancing bacteria, were abundant in jejunal mucosa (1.0% and 0.8%) and digestas (0.9% and 19.2%), respectively. The BN identified rectal mucosa and digestas as two terminal nodes, influenced by upstream microbiotas in the gastrointestinal tract. This finding supports the link between fecal microbiota and pig productivity, as the fecal microbiota, closely resembling the rectal microbiota, reflects the conditions of the microbiota throughout the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T04:32:22Z","timestamp":1737693142000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Causal Association Between the Mucosal and Luminal Microbiotas from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Weaned Piglets Using Bayesian Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9595-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marubeni Nisshin Feed Co., Ltd., Tochigi 329-2763, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takamitsu","family":"Tsukahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Institute of Nutrition & Pathology, Kyoto 610-0231, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Institute of Nutrition & Pathology, Kyoto 610-0231, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata 573-0101, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So","family":"Morishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata 573-0101, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Kise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marubeni Nisshin Feed Co., Ltd., Tochigi 329-2763, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiye","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marubeni Nisshin Feed Co., Ltd., Tochigi 329-2763, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Yahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marubeni Nisshin Feed Co., Ltd., Tochigi 329-2763, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7233-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata 573-0101, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view","volume":"148","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2016-0031","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in the health and disease of pigs","volume":"6","author":"Fouhse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. 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