{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:04:15Z","timestamp":1789542255405,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Caribbean Health Research Council (CHRC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores various aspects of microbiology and immunology, with a particular focus on the epidemiology and molecular characterisation of infectious diseases in the Caribbean and South America. Key areas of investigation include tuberculosis (TB), experimental vaccines, and bloodborne pathogens. A retrospective study conducted in Jamaica highlights the significance of early HIV screening, timely diagnosis, and inte-grated care. The paper also examines the challenges posed by nosocomial infections, particularly those caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), emphasising the critical importance of infection control measures. Additionally, it explores the regional microbiome, the global response to infectious diseases, and immune responses in patients with immunodeficiency disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), underscoring their heightened susceptibility to a wide range of infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T06:39:51Z","timestamp":1737959991000},"page":"282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tackling Infectious Diseases in the Caribbean and South America: Epidemiological Insights, Antibiotic Resistance, Associated Infectious Diseases in Immunological Disorders, Global Infection Response, and Experimental Anti-Idiotypic Vaccine Candidates Against Microorganisms of Public Health Importance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3486-1963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Justiz-Vaillant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Soodeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Gopaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Arozarena-Fundora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champs Fleurs 330912, Trinidad and Tobago"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinand","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4097-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandrashekhar","family":"Unakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick E.","family":"Akpaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago"},{"name":"Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champs Fleurs 330912, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1813023","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology of carbapenemases in Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"19","author":"Appel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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