{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:51:35Z","timestamp":1792003895591,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Syphilis has resurged globally, especially in urban areas of developed countries. This study analyses syphilis cases over a decade at an STD centre in Bologna, Italy, examining new diagnoses, reinfections, and impacts on high-risk subgroups, compared with national and European data. Data from 2009\u20132019 were retrospectively reviewed, including primary, secondary, early latent, late latent, and indeterminate syphilis cases, as per WHO guidelines. Cases of tertiary syphilis and serological-only diagnoses were excluded. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 with logistic regression and chi-square tests. A total of 1086 syphilis cases were identified, rising from 43 cases in 2009 to 157 in 2019\u2014a 265% increase over the decade. In 2019, reinfections accounted for 23.7% of cases, primarily among men who have sex with men (MSM, 82.1%), with an HIV co-infection rate of 37.6%. The most affected age group was over 45 years. Bologna\u2019s syphilis rates consistently exceeded European averages, with a higher median age, indicating unique transmission patterns and public health challenges. The high reinfection rate among MSM and older individuals emphasises the need for targeted public health initiatives. The sharp rise in cases highlights potential influences such as Bologna\u2019s population dynamics and the increased use of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). Focused public health efforts, particularly on high-risk groups, are critical to address this challenge effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T09:42:23Z","timestamp":1737970943000},"page":"285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Rise of Syphilis Infections and Reinfections over a Decade (2009\u20132019) in the Bolognese Area: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Gaspari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Filippini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gionathan","family":"Orioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0955-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Mussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam Anna","family":"Carpanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelangelo","family":"La Placa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6537-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Maria","family":"Piraccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3323-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Zengarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15586","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15586","article-title":"Analysis of serological treatment response to doxycycline versus benzathine penicillin in syphilis infections, a retrospective single-center study","volume":"35","author":"Zengarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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