{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:38:02Z","timestamp":1792697882055,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review provides an overview of recent research and advancements in infection prevention and the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial diseases. Cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin, has demonstrated effectiveness against carbapenem-resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Clinical trials, including APEKS-NP and CREDIBLE-CR, affirm its efficacy for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) but highlight concerns over increased mortality due to severe renal complications. Cefiderocol has shown superior outcomes in complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) compared to imipenem\u2013cilastatin. A comparison of colistin monotherapy versus combination therapy with meropenem for carbapenem-resistant infections revealed no significant improvement in clinical outcomes with combination therapy but noted delays in resistance development. Colistin\u2013rifampicin combination therapy showed potential benefits for colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, although results were not statistically significant. SPR206, a polymyxin derivative, and durlobactam, a \u03b2-lactamase inhibitor, show promise in addressing these resistant strains, with durlobactam demonstrating efficacy in combination with sulbactam and imipenem\u2013cilastatin. Additional studies investigated antibiotic strategies for resistant infections, including cefoperazone\u2013sulbactam versus combination therapy with tigecycline, and examined infection-prevention strategies in surgical settings, comparing chlorhexidine\u2013alcohol and povidone\u2013iodine. This research highlights the importance of optimizing treatment regimens and infection-control measures across various healthcare settings, including neonatology and surgical care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T03:26:10Z","timestamp":1738121170000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Innovative Antibiotic Therapies for Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Comparative Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5118-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Eslami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirabbas","family":"Safaripour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj 75917-41417, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2231-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedeh Zahra","family":"Banihashemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0150-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Nikjoo Niaragh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1738-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Hemmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arefeh","family":"Shojaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setayesh","family":"Fakhariyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atiye","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentyn","family":"Oksenych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2018.1426745","article-title":"Cefiderocol: A novel siderophore cephalosporin","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005298","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology and outcomes of nonventilated hospital-acquired, ventilated hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia in the United States, 2012\u20132019","volume":"50","author":"Zilberberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Sotelo, B.J., Delgado-Beltr\u00e1n, M., Hern\u00e1ndez-Dur\u00e1n, M., Col\u00edn-Castro, C.A., Esquivel-Bautista, J., Ortega-Oliva, S.A., Ortiz-\u00c1lvarez, J., Garc\u00eda-Contreras, R., Franco-Cendejas, R., and Lopez Jacome, L.E. (2024). In vitro activity of ceftazidime\/avibactam, cefiderocol, meropenem\/vaborbactam and imipenem\/relebactam against clinical strains of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298577"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30796-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cefiderocol or best available therapy for the treatment of serious infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CREDIBLE-CR): A randomised, open-label, multicentre, pathogen-focused, descriptive, phase 3 trial","volume":"21","author":"Bassetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30731-3","article-title":"Cefiderocol versus high-dose, extended-infusion meropenem for the treatment of Gram-negative nosocomial pneumonia (APEKS-NP): A randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"21","author":"Wunderink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30554-1","article-title":"Cefiderocol versus imipenem-cilastatin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections caused by Gram-negative uropathogens: A phase 2, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial","volume":"18","author":"Portsmouth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bavaro, D.F., Belati, A., Diella, L., Stufano, M., Romanelli, F., Scalone, L., Stolfa, S., Ronga, L., Maurmo, L., and Dell\u2019Aera, M. (2021). Cefiderocol-based combination therapy for \u201cdifficult-to-treat\u201d gram-negative severe infections: Real-life case series and future perspectives. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060652"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-023-01146-5","article-title":"Treatment of critically ill patients with cefiderocol for infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens: Review of the evidence","volume":"13","author":"Viale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e60127","article-title":"High frequency of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates from male patients\u2019 Urine","volume":"11","author":"Peerayeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1425139","article-title":"Therapies for multidrug resistant and extensively drug-resistant non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections: A perilous journey toward \u2018molecularly targeted\u2019 therapy","volume":"16","author":"Saade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e402","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.402","article-title":"Self-assembly multifunctional DNA tetrahedron for efficient elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aggregate"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30099-9","article-title":"Colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: An open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.11.016","article-title":"Colistin monotherapy versus colistin\/rifampicin combination therapy in pneumonia caused by colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit253","article-title":"Colistin and rifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of serious infections due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Signoriello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.11.020","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of colistin\u2013evaluation of seven commercial MIC products against standard broth microdilution for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter spp.","volume":"24","author":"Matuschek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00064-16","article-title":"Polymyxins: Antibacterial activity, susceptibility testing, and resistance mechanisms encoded by plasmids or chromosomes","volume":"30","author":"Poirel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy988","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of colistin-and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: An exploratory subgroup analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"69","author":"Dickstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0073921","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00739-21","article-title":"Single-and multiple-ascending-dose study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the polymyxin derivative SPR206","volume":"65","author":"Bruss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00071-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00071-20","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics, and drug-drug interaction potential of intravenous durlobactam, a \u03b2-lactamase inhibitor, in healthy subjects","volume":"64","author":"Lickliter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12991","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-and positive-controlled crossover study of the effects of durlobactam on cardiac repolarization in healthy subjects","volume":"14","author":"Maloney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00006-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00006-19","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and dosing optimization of imipenem in children with hematological malignancies","volume":"63","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01506-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01506-19","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intravenous sulbactam-durlobactam with imipenem-cilastatin in hospitalized adults with complicated urinary tract infections, including acute pyelonephritis","volume":"64","author":"Sagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13638","article-title":"Observation of clinical efficacy of the cefoperazone\/sulbactam anti-infective regimen in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lung infection","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31827515de","article-title":"Efficacy of high-dose nebulized colistin in ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"117","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.25259\/JPATS_15_2020","article-title":"Advancing pediatric lung health in Africa: COVID-19 and beyond","volume":"1","author":"Zampoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pan Afr. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.11.002","article-title":"Risk factors and control strategies for silicotuberculosis as an occupational disease","volume":"27","author":"Shafiei","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2020.03.332","article-title":"Effectiveness of cefoperazone-sulbactam alone and combined with tigecycline in the treatment of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pulmonary infection","volume":"30","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W. (2020). Host innate immune responses to Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00486"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.38.6.5872","article-title":"Effects of Tigecycline combined with Cefoperazone on bacterial clearance and serum biochemical indexes in patients with pulmonary infections in ICU","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duszynska, W., Idziak, M., Smardz, K., Burkot, A., Grotowska, M., and Rojek, S. (2022). Frequency, Etiology, Mortality, Cost, and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections\u2014Prospective, One Center Study. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133764"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2018-0037","article-title":"Meropenem\/colistin versus meropenem\/ampicillin\u2013sulbactam in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"Khalili","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comp. Eff. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.02.009","article-title":"Acinetobacter spp. as nosocomial pathogens: Epidemiology and resistance features","volume":"25","author":"Almasaudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1221021","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of critically Ill patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"8","author":"Neuner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy371","article-title":"The association between empirical antibiotic treatment and mortality in severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: A prospective study","volume":"67","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.035","article-title":"Colistin plus meropenem for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections: In vitro synergism is not associated with better clinical outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Nutman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6892","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00981-16","article-title":"Correlation of checkerboard synergy testing with time-kill analysis and clinical outcomes of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii respiratory infections","volume":"60","author":"Bremmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.10.030","article-title":"In vitro and ex vivo systems at the forefront of infection modeling and drug discovery","volume":"198","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"345","article-title":"Treatment Options for Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections","volume":"115","author":"Fritzenwanker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05490-4","article-title":"Chlorhexidine\u2013alcohol versus povidone\u2013iodine as preoperative skin antisepsis for prevention of surgical site infection in cesarean delivery\u2014A pilot randomized control trial","volume":"22","author":"Luwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peerayeh, S.N., Eslami, M., Memariani, M., and Siadat, S.D. (2013). High prevalence of blaCTX-M-1 group extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase genes in Escherichia coli isolates from Tehran. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.6863"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7214","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of preoperative antisepsis with chlorhexidine versus povidone\u2013iodine in clean-contaminated surgery","volume":"97","author":"Noorani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Br. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001118","article-title":"Skin preparation for prevention of surgical site infection after cesarean delivery: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"126","author":"Ngai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., Wang, Y., Luo, Y., and Yu, B. (2022). Influence of different regimens of volumetric therapy on perioperative intestinal flora in the surgical patients with pancreas tumor, a randomized controlled trial study. BMC Anesthesiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01693-7"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S565","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz830","article-title":"Treatment options for carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"69","author":"Doi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2334","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Imipenem\/Cilastatin\/Relebactam in Children with Confirmed or Suspected Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: A Phase 1b, Open-Label, Single-Dose Clinical Trial","volume":"63","author":"Bradley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, A.-X., Qu, Q., Zhuang, H.-H., Teng, X.-Q., Xu, W.-X., Liu, Y.-P., Xiao, Y.-W., and Qu, J. (2023). Individualized antibiotic dosage regimens for patients with augmented renal clearance. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1137975"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01520-6","article-title":"Treatment options for K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii co-resistant to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, polymyxins and tigecycline: An approach based on the mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems","volume":"48","author":"Karakonstantis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karbalaei, M., Esmailpour, M., Oksenych, V., and Eslami, M. (2025). Comprehensive Analysis of blaCTX-M1 Gene Expression Alongside iutA, csgA, and kpsMII Virulence Genes in Septicemic Escherichia coli Using Real-Time PCR. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010095"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1328497","article-title":"An update on the pharmacotherapeutic management of lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"18","author":"Cazzola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000136","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of ciprofloxacin in elderly Chinese patients with lower respiratory tract infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"132","author":"Gai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01089-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01089-18","article-title":"Plasma and intrapulmonary concentrations of ETX2514 and sulbactam following intravenous administration of ETX2514SUL to healthy adult subjects","volume":"62","author":"Rodvold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00870-7","article-title":"Characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria that cause neonatal sepsis in seven low- and middle-income countries","volume":"6","author":"Sands","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jajoo, M., Manchanda, V., Chaurasia, S., Sankar, M.J., Gautam, H., Agarwal, R., Yadav, C.P., Aggarwal, K.C., Chellani, H., and Ramji, S. (2018). Alarming rates of antimicrobial resistance and fungal sepsis in outborn neonates in North India. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180705"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moges, F., Eshetie, S., Abebe, W., Mekonnen, F., Dagnew, M., Endale, A., Amare, A., Feleke, T., Gizachew, M., and Tiruneh, M. (2019). High prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative pathogens from patients attending Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Bahir Dar, Amhara region. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215177"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8898","article-title":"Gram-negative bacteremia induces greater magnitude of inflammatory response than Gram-positive bacteremia","volume":"14","author":"Abe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20190008","article-title":"Effects of topical azithromycin, moxifloxacin, and povidone iodine on conjunctival bacterial flora in patients undergoing intravitreal injection","volume":"82","author":"Teberik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahmasebi, H., Arjmand, N., Monemi, M., Babaeizad, A., Alibabaei, F., Alibabaei, N., Bahar, A., Oksenych, V., and Eslami, M. (2025). From Cure to Crisis: Understanding the Evolution of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Human Microbiota. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010093"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4103\/joco.joco_216_21","article-title":"A Case-Control Study to Determine the Microbiological Spectrum and Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction","volume":"34","author":"Muthumalai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Curr. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2017.08.002","article-title":"Oral Health Interventions Using Chlorhexidine-Effects on the Prevalence of Oral Opportunistic Pathogens in Stroke Survivors: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"18","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13005","article-title":"Effect of oral hygiene programmes on oral opportunistic pathogens during stroke rehabilitation","volume":"25","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemmati, M.A., Monemi, M., Asli, S., Mohammadi, S., Foroozanmehr, B., Haghmorad, D., Oksenych, V., and Eslami, M. (2024). Using new technologies to analyze gut microbiota and predict cancer risk. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231987"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.046","article-title":"The role of the host microbiome in autism and neurodegenerative disorders and effect of epigenetic procedures in the brain functions","volume":"132","author":"Yousefi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/2\/295\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:38:04Z","timestamp":1759919884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/2\/295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13020295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13020295","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]}}}