{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:44:29Z","timestamp":1759970669026,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Arag\u00f3n (Spain)","award":["B43_23R","B53_23R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B43_23R","B53_23R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, caused by Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., are parasitic infections transmitted through faecal\u2013oral routes or contaminated water. Although less common in Spain compared to developing countries, they pose a public health concern, particularly for vulnerable groups like children and immunocompromised individuals. This study aims to analyse the cases reported to the Microbiological Information System (MIS) in children between 2012 and 2021, as well as their distribution across sociodemographic variables. Proportions and infectivity rates were determined for epidemiological and sociodemographic data, and the incidence rate for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis was calculated annually and by health sector. The variables analysed included sex, age, health sector and weather. For both diseases, there was a significant decrease in the number of cases in 2020, suggesting the importance of person-to-person transmission. Children were infected by Giardia in significantly higher proportion (p &lt; 0.001), being the majority in age groups 5\u201314 years, while the proportion of boys and girls infected by Cryptosporidium was almost identical (1.4% vs. 1.3%), in children aged 2\u20134 years. Periodically there was a significant increase in cases of cryptosporidiosis, apparently related to the presence of torrential rains. Transmission is related to increased temperature and rainfall. Person-to-person transmission in the paediatric population needs further investigation. This study provides the foundation for future research on the evolution of cases of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in Spanish children. The data emphasise the need for informational campaigns on hygienic measures and efforts by public health authorities to maintain water resources in optimal condition to prevent parasite spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T10:36:28Z","timestamp":1738146988000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of Reported Cases of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. Infection in Children from Arag\u00f3n (Northeast Spain) During the Period (2012\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2904-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Lafarga-Molina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Paediatric, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Department, University Hospital Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9273-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Paediatric, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Group of Water and Environmental Health, Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), Domingo Miral Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9742-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Seral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IIS Arag\u00f3n), University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Networked Biomedical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, CIBER INFECT, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7294-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rezusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Padre Arrupe Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar Egido","family":"Liz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Padre Arrupe Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Malo Aznar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate of Public Health, Department of Health, Government of Arag\u00f3n, 50017 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2326-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep-Oriol","family":"Casanovas-Marsal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IIS Arag\u00f3n), Juan Bosco Street 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Rodrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Group SAPIENF, Domingo Miral Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0765-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Go\u00f1i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Paediatric, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Group of Water and Environmental Health, Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), Domingo Miral Street s\/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6ster, P.C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Barrio, D., and Carmena, D. 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