{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:22:46Z","timestamp":1787761366558,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["MSCA_0000011\u2014CUP B73C22001450001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSCA_0000011\u2014CUP B73C22001450001"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["MSCA_0000011\u2014CUP B73C22001450001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSCA_0000011\u2014CUP B73C22001450001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as microalgae, are remarkable for their ability to harness sunlight, fix carbon dioxide, and produce a variety of bioactive compounds. These organisms are pivotal in climate mitigation strategies as they can absorb carbon dioxide while generating valuable biomolecules. Among the diverse cultivation approaches, mixotrophic growth combines light energy with both inorganic and organic carbon sources, offering a unique strategy to enhance biomass production and metabolic diversity in microalgae. Here, microalgal species such as Nannochloropsis granulata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Chlorella sp. were investigated for their potential applications under different cultivation methods, including phototrophy and mixotrophy. Mixotrophic conditions significantly improved biomass production across all tested species. Among these, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a marine diatom, emerged as a promising candidate for bioactive compound production, exhibiting higher antiproliferative activity against human melanoma cells and antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus. Importantly, Chlorella sp. was also found to possess antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, broadening its potential applications. Additionally, metabolomics analysis was performed on Chlorella sp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum to identify the compounds responsible for the observed bioactivity. This study highlights the value of mixotrophic cultivation in enhancing the productivity and bioactivity of microalgae, positioning them as versatile organisms for sustainable biotechnological applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1738728941000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mixotrophy in Marine Microalgae to Enhance Their Bioactivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0386-8680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Licata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1262-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Galasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C. da Torre Spaccata, 87071 Amendolara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-4712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fortunato","family":"Palma Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Ammiraglio Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4402-5798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Palumbo Piccionello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6619-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Villanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2594","article-title":"Biospheric Primary Production During an ENSO Transition","volume":"291","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-0879-x","article-title":"The Promising Future of Microalgae: Current Status, Challenges, and Optimization of a Sustainable and Renewable Industry for Biofuels, Feed, and Other Products","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. 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