{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:02:20Z","timestamp":1792738940979,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease and causes about 59,000 human deaths globally every year. Especially, its mortality is almost 100% in cases where the rabies virus has transmitted to the central nervous system. The special virus life cycle and pathogenic mechanism make it difficult for the host immune system to combat rabies viruses. Vaccination including pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis is an effective strategy for rabies prevention. The pre-exposure vaccination is mainly applied for animals and the post-exposure vaccination is the most application for humans. Although rabies vaccines are widely used and seem to be safe and effective, there are some disadvantages, limitations, or challenges affecting vaccine promotion and distribution. Therefore, more effective, convenient, safer, and cheaper rabies vaccines have been developed or are being developed. The development of novel human rabies vaccine is mainly focusing on vaccines based on a purified Vero cell-cultured freeze-dried rabies vaccine (PVRV). PVRV has been demonstrated to be promising to make the rabies vaccine more effective and secure in animal studies or clinical trials. Moreover, mRNA-based vaccines have been shown to have the potential to enhance the safety and efficacy of rabies vaccines for both animal and human uses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T06:43:07Z","timestamp":1739169787000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Infection and Prevention of Rabies Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4263-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiu-Jau","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-I","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, 1 Van Nung Road, Chung-Li City, Taoyuan 320676, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao-Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Chuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County 356006, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County 356006, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2260","article-title":"The cell biology of rabies virus: Using stealth to reach the brain","volume":"8","author":"Schnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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