{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:31:03Z","timestamp":1790800263274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) is the etiological agent of a poorly studied acute viral disease, causing several epidemic waves observed in the western Siberia regions of Omsk, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, and Tyumen. OHFV is a flavivirus and shares structural and morphological features with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex viruses. The disease\u2019s symptoms show high variability, from flu-like symptoms, hyperesthesia, and petechial rush in the upper body to high fever and hemorrhagic manifestations, with a fatality rate of about 1%. The real number of OHFV-infected people is still unknown due to the difficulties in diagnosis and the presence of asymptomatic patients that lead to an underestimation of the total cases. Little is known about the viral infection dynamics at the molecular and cellular levels, the viral involvement in immune escape, cellular pathways alteration, or metabolic influence. It is noteworthy that no clinical trials have currently been performed for effective and specific drug treatments. In this review, we will give an overview of OHFV interactions with humans and animals, diagnostic tools, and drug treatments. We aim to highlight the importance of a frequently undiagnosed or misdiagnosed viral infection that might also even cause severe clinical manifestations such as meningitis and hemorrhage, in order to point out the need to develop new research studies, new diagnostic tools, and new treatments for OHFV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1739787972000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: A Comprehensive Review from Epidemiology to Diagnosis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1373-7533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Diani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"UOC Microbiology Unit, AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5189-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Cecchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"UOC Microbiology Unit, AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Tonon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"UOC Microbiology Unit, AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1856-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Mantoan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Hygiene and Preventive, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5746-3810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Lotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1044-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asia","family":"Palmisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Piccaluga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank of Research, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di S. Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Gibellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"UOC Microbiology Unit, AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Results of a Study Made of Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever by an Expedition of the Institute of Neurology","volume":"2","author":"Chumakov","year":"1948","journal-title":"Vestn. Acad. Med. Nauk. 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