{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:47:12Z","timestamp":1785541632779,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PON \u201cRicerca e Innovazione\u201d 2014\u20132020","award":["2020 Project CRP\/BRA20-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 Project CRP\/BRA20-03"]}]},{"name":"CRP-ICGEB RESEARCH","award":["2020 Project CRP\/BRA20-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 Project CRP\/BRA20-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has reshaped the epidemiological landscape of respiratory diseases, with profound implications for seasonal influenza. Nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented globally during the pandemic significantly altered human behavior and reduced the prevalence of respiratory pathogens, including influenza. However, the post-pandemic resurgence of influenza activity to pre-pandemic levels highlights the persistent challenges posed by this virus. During the 2023\u20132024 influenza season in the United States, an estimated 40 million individuals contracted influenza, resulting in 470,000 hospitalizations and 28,000 deaths, with the elderly disproportionately affected. Pediatric mortality was also notable, with 724 deaths reported among children. This study examines trends in influenza incidence, vaccination rates, and mortality in the United States from the 2018\u20132019 through to the 2023\u20132024 influenza seasons. Additionally, it evaluates the interplay between influenza and SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic, considering the impact of disrupted air travel, public health measures, and altered virus circulation dynamics. By integrating these insights, the study underscores the critical need for sustained vaccination campaigns and innovative public health strategies to mitigate the dual burden of respiratory diseases. Findings from this analysis highlight the urgency of strengthening prevention and surveillance systems to enhance pandemic preparedness and reduce the impact of respiratory pathogens in an evolving epidemiological landscape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13030469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:03:17Z","timestamp":1740024197000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Epidemiological Transitions in Influenza Dynamics in the United States: Insights from Recent Pandemic Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5849-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Giovanetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"\u2060Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE), Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0376-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobur","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0805-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetoslav Nanev","family":"Slavov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05585-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8611-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taj","family":"Azarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7870-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Cella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8001","article-title":"Changes in Contact Patterns Shape the Dynamics of the COVID-19 Outbreak in China","volume":"368","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab485","article-title":"Quantifying the Impact of COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Influenza Transmission in the United States","volume":"224","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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