{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:55:16Z","timestamp":1760057716710,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Ant\u00e1rtico Ecuatoriano (INAE)"},{"name":"Instituto Oceanogr\u00e1fico y Ant\u00e1rtico de la Armada (INOCAR)"},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Intereses Mar\u00edtimos de la Armada DIGEIM- Fundaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo mar\u00edtimo y Lacustre (FUNDEMAR)"},{"name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte (UTN)"},{"name":"Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in cold environments, exemplified by the Antarctic, calls into question the assumption that pristine ecosystems lack clinically significant resistance genes. This study examines the molecular basis of AMR in Acinetobacter spp. Isolated from Antarctic soil, focusing on the blaTEM and blaSHV genes associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production; Soil samples were collected and processed to isolate Antarctic soil bacteria. Molecular detection was then conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the bacteria species by 16S rRNA\/rpoB and 10 different beta-lactamase-producing genes. PCR amplicons were sequenced to confirm gene identity and analyze genetic variability. Acinetobacter baumannii were identified by both microbiological and molecular tests. Notably, both the blaTEM and blaSHV genes encoding the enzymes responsible for resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins were identified, indicating the presence of resistance determinants in bacteria from extreme cold ecosystems. The nucleotide sequence analysis indicated the presence of conserved ARGs, which suggest stability and the potential for horizontal gene transfer within microbial communities. These findings emphasize that AMR is not confined to human-impacted environments but can emerge and persist in remote, cold habitats, potentially facilitated by natural reservoirs and global microbial dispersal. Understanding the presence and role of AMR in extreme environments provides insights into its global dissemination and supports the development of strategies to mitigate the spread of resistance genes in both environmental and clinical contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13030482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:53:06Z","timestamp":1740124386000},"page":"482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Detection of blaTEM and blaSHV Genes in ESBL-Producing Acinetobacter\u00a0baumannii Isolated from Antarctic Soil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"Pazos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaciones Ant\u00e1rticas (GIAN), Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte (UTN), Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Gualoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Advisory Committee of General Directorate of Maritime Interests and Foundation for Maritime, Riverine, Lacustrine, and Coastal Development (DIGEIM-FUNDEMAR), Quito 170403, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9786-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"O\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaciones Ant\u00e1rticas (GIAN), Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte (UTN), Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9056-4429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Velarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaciones Ant\u00e1rticas (GIAN), Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte (UTN), Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-1189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaciones Ant\u00e1rticas (GIAN), Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte (UTN), Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Cabrera-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaciones Ant\u00e1rticas (GIAN), Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte (UTN), Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Banch\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez (ESPAM-MFL), Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 1701518, El Lim\u00f3n, v\u00eda Calceta-El Morro, Calceta 130601, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1367-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"D\u00e1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestria en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5807-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Alomia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito 170507, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5364-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Bastidas-Caldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty (2024, December 10). 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