{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:31:28Z","timestamp":1788885088072,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Project","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}]},{"name":"EU Project","award":["CUP I85F21004040005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I85F21004040005"]}]},{"name":"EU Project","award":["101140460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101140460"]}]},{"name":"The National Project of SARS-CoV-2","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}]},{"name":"The National Project of SARS-CoV-2","award":["CUP I85F21004040005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I85F21004040005"]}]},{"name":"The National Project of SARS-CoV-2","award":["101140460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101140460"]}]},{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}]},{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","award":["CUP I85F21004040005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I85F21004040005"]}]},{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","award":["101140460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101140460"]}]},{"name":"EU-WISH","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}]},{"name":"EU-WISH","award":["CUP I85F21004040005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I85F21004040005"]}]},{"name":"EU-WISH","award":["101140460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101140460"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wastewater-based environmental surveillance enables the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics within populations, offering critical epidemiological insights. Numerous workflows for tracking SARS-CoV-2 have been developed globally, underscoring the need for interlaboratory comparisons to ensure data consistency and comparability. An inter-calibration test was conducted among laboratories within the network monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples across the Lombardy region (Italy). The test aimed to evaluate data reliability and identify potential sources of variability using robust statistical approaches. Three wastewater samples were analyzed in parallel by four laboratories using identical pre-analytical (PEG-8000-based centrifugation) and analytical processes (qPCR targeting N1\/N3 and Orf-1ab). A two-way ANOVA framework within Generalized Linear Models was applied, and multiple pairwise comparisons among laboratories were performed using the Bonferroni post hoc test. The statistical analysis revealed that the primary source of variability in the results was associated with the analytical phase. This variability was likely influenced by differences in the standard curves used by the laboratories to quantify SARS-CoV-2 concentrations, as well as the size of the wastewater treatment plants. The findings of this study highlight the importance of interlaboratory testing in verifying the consistency of analytical determinations and in identifying the key sources of variation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13030526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T05:13:58Z","timestamp":1740633238000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluating Interlaboratory Variability in Wastewater-Based COVID-19 Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1065-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Azzellino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2344-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pellegrinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Pedrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2902-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Turolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1875-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Bertasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna \u201cB. Ubertini\u201d, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Binda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7313-8495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6166-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clementina E.","family":"Cocuzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Holding Spa, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1279-9940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Franzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental, Sciences\u2014DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Giovanna","family":"Guiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Holding Spa, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina Nadia","family":"Losio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna \u201cB. Ubertini\u201d, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Martines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Holding Spa, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0143-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Musumeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desdemona","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Holding Spa, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Sandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Primache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3294-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna \u201cB. Ubertini\u201d, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Scarazzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna \u201cB. Ubertini\u201d, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Schiarea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5681-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Pariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Ammoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DG Welfare, Regione Lombardia, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Cereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DG Welfare, Regione Lombardia, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Malpei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xtad003","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtad003","article-title":"Show us the data: Global COVID-19 wastewater monitoring efforts, equity, and gaps","volume":"4","author":"Naughton","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbes"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, February 10). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report. Available online: http:\/\/covid19.who.int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e874","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00230-8","article-title":"COVID-19 wastewater epidemiology: A model to estimate infected populations","volume":"5","author":"McMahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157375","article-title":"Wastewater Surveillance Allows Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany","volume":"846","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117214","article-title":"Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater to evaluate the success of lockdown measures for controlling COVID-19 in the UK","volume":"200","author":"Hillary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.4908","article-title":"Association Between SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Wastewater and Reported Cases, Hospitalizations, and Vaccinations in Milan, March 2020 to November 2021","volume":"327","author":"Nattino","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucansky, V., Samec, M., Burjanivova, T., Lukacova, E., Kolkova, Z., Holubekova, V., Turyova, E., Hornakova, A., Zaborsky, T., and Podlesniy, P. (2023). Comparison of the methods for isolation and detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in municipal wastewater. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1116636"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144215","article-title":"A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater concentration methods for environmental surveillance","volume":"760","author":"Philo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4880","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c08129","article-title":"Sewage, Salt, Silica, and SARS-CoV-2 (4S): An Economical Kit-Free Method for Direct Capture of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from Wastewater","volume":"55","author":"Whitney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-024-00641-5","article-title":"EU surveys insights: Analytical tools, future directions, and the essential requirement for reference materials in wastewater monitoring of SARS-CoV-2, antimicrobial resistance and beyond","volume":"18","author":"Paracchini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Human. Genom."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c08210","article-title":"Challenges in measuring the recovery of SARS-CoV-2 from Wastewater","volume":"55","author":"Kantor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"504","article-title":"Reproducibility and sensitivity of 36 methods to quantify the SARS-CoV-2 genetic signal in raw wastewater: Findings from an interlaboratory methods evaluation in the U.S","volume":"7","author":"Pecson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2022.01.039","article-title":"Wastewater Based Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Challenges and Perspective from a Canadian inter-laboratory study","volume":"116","author":"Kumblathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellegrinelli, L., Castiglioni, S., Cocuzza, C.E., Bertasi, B., Primache, V., Schiarea, S., Salmoiraghi, G., Franzetti, A., Musemeci, R., and Tilola, M. (2022). Evaluation of Pre-Analytical and Analytical Methods for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 in Municipal Wastewater Samples in Northern Italy. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14050833"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155767","article-title":"The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Italy reflected early through wastewater surveillance","volume":"837","author":"Iaconelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150816","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urban wastewater samples to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic in Lombardy, Italy (March\u2013June 2020)","volume":"806","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139652","article-title":"First detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewaters in Italy","volume":"736","author":"Iaconelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cleveland, M.H., Romsos, E.L., Steffen, C.R., Olson, N.D., Servetas, S.L., Valiant, W.G., and Vallone, P.M. (2023). Rapid production and free distribution of a synthetic RNA material to support SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnostic testing. Biologicals, 82.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2023.101680"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141711","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: Evidence from environmental monitoring","volume":"750","author":"Mancini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE Guidelines: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0620-2","article-title":"Watcher in the wastewater","volume":"38","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade2503","article-title":"Wastewater surveillance for public health","volume":"379","author":"Levy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118220","article-title":"Detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater influent in relation to reported COVID-19 incidence in Finland","volume":"215","author":"Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, A., Adhikari, S., Zhang, S., Solomon, T.B., Lipponen, A., Islam, M.A., Thakali, O., Sangkham, S., Shaheen, M.N.F., and Jiang, G. (2023). Tracing COVID-19 trails in Wastewater: A systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance with viral variants. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15061018"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, S., Orschler, L., Tavazzi, S., Greither, R., Gawlik, B.M., and Lackner, S. (2022). Genome sequencing of Wastewater confirms the arrival of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant at Frankfurt Airport but Limited Spread in the City of Frankfurt, Germany, in November 2021. Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01229-21"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118162","article-title":"Prevalence and circulation patterns of SARS-CoV-2 variants in European sewage mirror clinical data of 54 European cities","volume":"214","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchini, A., Petrillo, M., Parrish, A., Buttinger, G., Tavazzi, S., Querci, M., Betsou, F., Elsinga, G., Medema, G., and Abdelrahman, T. (2023). New RT-PCR assay for the detection of current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010206"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117710","article-title":"High-throughput sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater provides insights into circulating variants","volume":"205","author":"Fontenele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149877","article-title":"Minimizing errors in RT-PCR detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for wastewater surveillance","volume":"805","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149386","article-title":"Comparative analysis of rapid concentration methods for the recovery of SARS-CoV-2 and quantification of human enteric viruses and a sewage-associated marker gene in untreated wastewater","volume":"799","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-020-0335-6","article-title":"Development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) thermal inactivation method with preservation of diagnostic sensitivity","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154024","article-title":"Development of an efficient wastewater testing protocol for high-throughput country-wide SARS-CoV-2 monitoring","volume":"826","author":"Mailepessov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106660","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29696-y","article-title":"Evaluation of concentration procedures, sample pre-treatment, and storage condition for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater","volume":"30","author":"Cutrupi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gogoi, G., Singh, S.D., Kalyan, E., Koch, D., Gogoi, P., Kshattry, M., Mahanta, H.J., Imran, M., Pandey, R., and Bharali, P. (2024). An interpretative review of the wastewater-based surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2: Where do we stand on its presence and concern?. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1338100"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117516","article-title":"Variability in RT-qPCR assay parameters indicates unreliable SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification for wastewater surveillance","volume":"203","author":"Bivins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00103-22","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00103-22","article-title":"Wastewater-based surveillance as a tool for public health action: SARS-CoV-2 and beyond","volume":"37","author":"Parkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222850","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2222850","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and inactivation in water and wastewater: Review on analytical methods, limitations and future research recommendations","volume":"12","author":"Kallem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116966","article-title":"Human biomonitoring of microplastics and health implications: A review","volume":"237","author":"Zuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"231","article-title":"Present and future opportunities in the use of atomic force microscopy to address the physico-chemical properties of aquatic ecosystems at the nanoscale level","volume":"14","author":"Marcuello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Aquat. Res."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/3\/526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:10Z","timestamp":1760028190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/3\/526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13030526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13030526","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}}}