{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T04:57:53Z","timestamp":1794200273913,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria, which affects both humans and animals. This study investigated the prevalence of Leptospira serogroups in human and rodent reservoirs across Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine, from 2018 to 2023. The objective was to identify epidemiological patterns and assess potential public health risks. Data were sourced from the Public Health Center of Ukraine and regional surveillance initiatives, encompassing reported human cases and rodent-carrier detection. Six main serogroups\u2014Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Canicola, and Tarassovi\u2014were included in the analysis. The results showed that Pomona and Hebdomadis serogroups became more common in 2023. The data from different districts also showed regional differences, with Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona being the most frequent serogroups in both humans and rodents. Other serogroups, like Grippotyphosa and Canicola, were found less often. Rodents may be an important source of leptospirosis in Zakarpattia. The growing number of cases in recent years shows the need for improved monitoring, control, and prevention in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13030614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T07:05:46Z","timestamp":1741331146000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Serogroup Distribution of Leptospira Among Humans and Rodents in Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine (2018\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlo","family":"Petakh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3141-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Kamyshnyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","article-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","volume":"140","author":"Adler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, F., Hagan, J.E., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Torgerson, P., Martinez-Silveira, M.S., Stein, C., Abela-Ridder, B., and Ko, A.I. (2015). Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.03.001","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: A challenge","volume":"46","author":"Musso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"351","article-title":"The globalization of leptospirosis: Worldwide incidence trends","volume":"12","author":"Pappas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis. IJID Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000031","article-title":"Leptospirosis\u2019s abrupt resurgence: Types, bacteriology, molecular genetics, etiology, diagnostic testing, transmission, symptoms, and medications","volume":"109","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104738","article-title":"Biochemical analysis of leptospiral LPS explained the difference between pathogenic and non-pathogenic serogroups","volume":"152","author":"Vanithamani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u011btro\u0161ov\u00e1, H., Mikhael, A., Culos, S., Giraud-Gatineau, A., Gomez, A.M., Sherman, M.E., Ernst, R.K., Cameron, C.E., Picardeau, M., and Goodlett, D.R. (2023). Lipid A structural diversity among members of the genus Leptospira. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1181034"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira: The dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.102","article-title":"Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: A review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Evangelista","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medeiros, L.d.S., Braga Domingos, S.C., Azevedo, M.I.N.D., Peruquetti, R.C., de Albuquerque, N.F., D\u2019Andrea, P.S., Botelho, A.L.d.M., Cris\u00f3stomo, C.F., Vieira, A.S., and Martins, G. (2020). Small Mammals as Carriers\/Hosts of Leptospira spp. in the Western Amazon Forest. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.569004"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosson, J.F., Picardeau, M., Mielcarek, M., Tatard, C., Chaval, Y., Suputtamongkol, Y., Buchy, P., Jittapalapong, S., Herbreteau, V., and Morand, S. (2014). Epidemiology of leptospira transmitted by rodents in southeast Asia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002902"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32289-6","article-title":"Leptospirosis and the maintenance host: A laboratory mouse model","volume":"34","author":"Hathaway","year":"1983","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cilia, G., Bertelloni, F., Albini, S., and Fratini, F. (2021). Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of Leptospira Isolations from \u201cUnconventional\u201d Hosts. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010191"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou, L.F., Yang, H.Y., Hung, C.C., Tian, Y.C., Hsu, S.H., and Yang, C.W. (2023). Leptospirosis kidney disease: Evolution from acute to chronic kidney disease. Biomed. J., 46.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100595"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley, E.A., and Lockaby, G. (2023). Leptospirosis and the Environment: A Review and Future Directions. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091167"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.T., Sobur, M.A., Islam, M.S., Ievy, S., Hossain, M.J., El Zowalaty, M.E., Rahman, A.T., and Ashour, H.M. (2020). Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091405"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"49","article-title":"Leptospirosis: Risk factors and management challenges in developing countries","volume":"7","author":"Goarant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e14295","article-title":"Leptospirosis, a Re-emerging Threat","volume":"13","author":"Piteira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773214Y.0000000156","article-title":"Leptospirosis from water sources","volume":"108","author":"Wynwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00058-5","article-title":"Leptospira brings fresh challenge to adventure sports","volume":"1","author":"Trubo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2009.12.002","article-title":"Leptospirosis: An emerging disease in travellers","volume":"8","author":"Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Travel. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petakh, P., Tymchyk, V., and Kamyshnyi, O. (2024). Surveillance of human leptospirosis infections in Ukraine between 2018 and 2023. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1394781"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petakh, P., Oksenych, V., Kamyshna, I., Boisak, I., Lyubomirskaya, K., and Kamyshnyi, O. (2024). Exploring the complex interplay: Gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1345684"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"61","article-title":"Epidemiologic features of leptospirosis among the population of Ukraine and in military collectives","volume":"4","author":"Ogorodniychuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ukr. J. Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2023.0007","article-title":"A Single Clinical Case of Leptospirosis in a 70-Year-Old Man During the Military Conflict in Ukraine","volume":"23","author":"Zubach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100944","article-title":"Geographical factors and air raid alarms influence leptospirosis epidemiology in Ukraine (2018\u20132023)","volume":"19","author":"Petakh","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2025, January 25). WHO Steps up Its Humanitarian Response in Southern Ukraine Following the Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam. Available online: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/ukraine\/who-steps-its-humanitarian-response-southern-ukraine-following-destruction-kakhovka-dam."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petakh, P., Oksenych, V., Kamyshna, I., Boisak, I., Lyubomirskaya, K., and Kamyshnyi, O. (2024). Exploring the interplay between posttraumatic stress disorder, gut microbiota, and inflammatory biomarkers: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1349883"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Chouk\u00e8r, A. (2020). The Impact of Everyday Stressors on the Immune System and Health. Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space: From Mechanisms to Monitoring and Preventive Strategies, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2023.100397","article-title":"Infectious diseases during the Russian-Ukrainian war\u2014Morbidity in the Transcarpathian region as a marker of epidemic danger on the EU border","volume":"6","author":"Petakh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2024.102733","article-title":"Communicable diseases in Ukraine during the period of 2018\u20132023: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and war","volume":"60","author":"Petakh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2002). Anti-Epidemic Measures and Laboratory Diagnostics of Leptospirosis Approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine No. 39 of 11 December 2002, Ministry of Health of Ukraine."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2024). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, WOAH. Leptospirosis. OIE Terr Man 2024."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2356","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Zakarpattia Oblast (2005\u20132015)","volume":"19","author":"Markovych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab164","article-title":"Integrated serological surveillance of acute febrile illness in the context of a lymphatic filariasis survey in Timor-Leste: A pilot study using dried blood spots","volume":"116","author":"Arkell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.127","article-title":"An outbreak of leptospirosis among Israeli troops near the Jordan River","volume":"74","author":"Hadad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.10.007","article-title":"Cluster of leptospirosis cases among military personnel in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Lupi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2015-000533","article-title":"Leptospirosis in a British soldier after travel to Borneo","volume":"162","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R. Army Med. Corps"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadsuthi, S., Chalvet-Monfray, K., Wiratsudakul, A., and Modchang, C. (2021). The effects of flooding and weather conditions on leptospirosis transmission in Thailand. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79546-x"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2023.101106","article-title":"Risks of outbreaks: The health concerns of internally displaced persons in Transcarpathia, Ukraine","volume":"52","author":"Petakh","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.30970\/vgg.2018.52.10170","article-title":"Geographical aspects of the demographic situation in Western Ukraine","volume":"52","author":"Hudzelyak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Visnyk Lviv. Univ. Ser. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"116","article-title":"The current state of water resources of Transcarpathia","volume":"23","author":"Nikolaichuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosyst. Divers."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100748","article-title":"The impacts of animal agriculture on One Health\u2014Bacterial zoonosis, antimicrobial resistance, and beyond","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"239","article-title":"Leptospirosis-current risk factors connected with human activity and the environment","volume":"20","author":"Dutkiewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. AAEM"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1982.43.05.780","article-title":"Experimental leptospiral infections in pregnant cattle with organisms of the Hebdomadis serogroup","volume":"43","author":"Thiermann","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliberti, A., Blanda, V., Di Marco Lo Presti, V., Macaluso, G., Galluzzo, P., Bertasio, C., Sciacca, C., Arcuri, F., D\u2019Agostino, R., and Ippolito, D. (2022). Leptospira interrogans Serogroup Pomona in a Dairy Cattle Farm in a Multi-Host Zootechnical System. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9020083"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/3\/614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:48:43Z","timestamp":1760028523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/3\/614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13030614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13030614","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]}}}