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During colonization and subsequent infection of the urinary tract (UT), UPEC requires the expression of genes associated with virulence, such as those that encode the fimbrial adhesins FimH, PapG, and CsgA, as well as the presence of the TosA protein and the flagellar appendages of the bacteria. However, for colonization and infection to be successful, UPEC must overcome the host\u2019s immunological barriers, such as physical barriers, expressed peptides and proteins, and immune cells found in the UT. In this context, the UT functions as an integral system where these factors act to prevent the colonization of uropathogens. Significant genetic diversity exists among UPEC strains, and the clonal complex ST131 represents one of the key lineages. This lineage has a high content of virulence genes, multiple mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, and a high frequency of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs). New knowledge regarding protein structures known as adhesins and their role in the infection process can help identify therapeutic targets and aid in the design of vaccines. These vaccines could be based on the development of chimeric fusion proteins (FimH + CsgA + PapG), which may significantly reduce the incidence of UTIs in pediatric and adult patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T04:17:14Z","timestamp":1742962634000},"page":"745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pathogenesis and Immunomodulation of Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9332-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. David","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias en Biomedicina y Biotecnolog\u00eda Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Bacteriolog\u00eda Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7638-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura M.","family":"Contreras-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias en Biomedicina y Biotecnolog\u00eda Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Bacteriolog\u00eda Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadnna","family":"Cruz-C\u00f3rdova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Inmunoqu\u00edmica, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5656-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigoberto","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda de Agentes Pat\u00f3genos, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Flores-Encarnacion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72420, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Rivera-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Arellano-Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Virolog\u00eda, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5299-759X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"A. 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