{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:12:29Z","timestamp":1790298749642,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ixodes ricinus ticks play a crucial role as carriers of diseases, transmitting pathogens to vertebrate hosts, including horses. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBE-virus) in equine sera collected in southern Norway. In total, sera from 331 horses stabled in four counties (Agder, Vestfold and Telemark, Vestland, and Viken) were analyzed by immunoblot. In total, 66% of the horses were IgG-seropositive for antibodies against one or multiple tick-borne pathogens. The highest seroprevalence was detected against B. burgdorferi s. l. (47%), followed by A. phagocytophilum (34%) and TBE-virus (10%). A significant difference between the counties regarding IgG antibodies against A. phagocytophilum was found, with the highest seroprevalence in horses stabled in the coastal areas of Agder and Vestland. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that horses in southern Norway are at high risk of contracting tick-borne infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T06:45:51Z","timestamp":1743144351000},"page":"771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seroprevalence of IgG Antibodies Against Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) Virus in Horses in Southern Norway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hanne","family":"Kloster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7902-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Stormo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita Haug","family":"Haaland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Food Safety Authority, Head Office, 0170 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snorre","family":"Stuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, 4325 Sandnes, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Kjelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3596-3","article-title":"A large-scale screening for the taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus, and the meadow tick, Dermacentor reticulatus, in southern Scandinavia, 2016","volume":"12","author":"Kjaer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.10.002","article-title":"Distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks and prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus among questing ticks in the Arctic Circle region of northern Norway","volume":"9","author":"Soleng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"46","article-title":"The distribution and host relations of Norwegian ticks (Acari, Ixodides)","volume":"30","author":"Mehl","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fauna Nor."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.09.003","article-title":"Ixodes ricinus and Borrelia prevalence at the Arctic Circle in Norway","volume":"5","author":"Hvidsten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-11","article-title":"Climate and environmental change drives Ixodes ricinus geographical expansion at the northern range margin","volume":"7","author":"Jore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2024.110190","article-title":"Tick-borne diseases in Europe: Current prevention, control tools and the promise of aptamers","volume":"328","author":"Rouxel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. 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