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by reduced regulatory T cells (Tregs) and unchecked inflammation. Current therapies lack specificity and efficacy, necessitating novel approaches. This study explores gene therapy using exosome-associated adeno-associated virus (exo-AAV) to deliver the Foxp3 gene, aiming to restore Treg-mediated immune tolerance in AIH. We engineered exosomes expressing the CD4-targeting antibody on their surface, encapsulating AAV6\/Foxp3, to enhance lymphoid cell specificity. In a ConA-induced murine AIH model, engineered exo-AAV administration significantly increased hepatic Treg proportions while reducing Th17 cells and inflammatory cytokines (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6), compared to control groups (unmodified exo-AAV or empty exosomes). Liver histopathology and serum ALT levels also improved in engineered exo-AAV treated mice. Mechanistically, engineered exo-AAV demonstrated superior targeting via CD4 binding, validated by immunofluorescence and nanoparticle tracking. Despite transient reductions in splenic Tregs, localized hepatic immune modulation underscored exo-AAV\u2019s efficacy. These findings highlight engineered exo-AAV as a promising strategy for precision gene therapy in AIH, overcoming limitations of traditional AAV delivery by enhancing lymphocyte-specific transduction and immune balance restoration. This approach presents a novel therapeutic avenue for systemic autoimmune diseases reliant on Treg reinforcement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T11:31:00Z","timestamp":1743766260000},"page":"823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Exosome-Modified AAV Gene Therapy Attenuates Autoimmune Hepatitis via Enhanced Regulatory T Cell Targeting and Immune Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8268-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenwei","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Medical School, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weilin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology of China, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helin","family":"Sima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongtao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heqiao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology of China, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology of China, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis: A classic autoimmune liver disease","volume":"44","author":"Moy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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